Amrum

Amrum
Climate diagram
	Temperature in ° C , precipitation in mm
	Source:

Amrum
	Aerial view of Amrum
Waters	North Sea
Archipelago	North Frisian Islands
Geographical location	54 ° 39 '6 " N , 8 ° 20' 11" E Coordinates: 54 ° 39 '6 " N , 8 ° 20' 11" E
length	10 km
width	2.5 km
surface	20.46 km²
Highest elevation	A Siatler ; 32 m
Residents	2279 (December 31, 2018) ; 111 inhabitants / km²
main place	fog

Amrum ( Öömrang : Oomram , Danish Amrum ) is a North Frisian island . It lies south of Sylt and west of Föhr and belongs to the district of North Friesland in Schleswig-Holstein . With an area of 20.46 km² (not including the 10 km² Kniepsand) it is the fourth largest island in this group of islands after Sylt, Föhr and Pellworm . Amrum is located in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park . Around 2300 people live in the three communities with the five island villages. The municipalities belong to the Office Föhr-Amrum . The main economic branch of the seaside resort Nebel and the seaside health resorts Wittdün and Norddorf is tourism . In 2016, a total of 1.29 million overnight stays were registered.

geography

Location and surroundings

NASA satellite image of Amrum with the Kniepsand to the west and the small Jungnamesand to the west . Föhr is to the east of the island.

Amrum is one of the North Frisian Islands . With an area of 20.46 km², it is the tenth largest island in Germany. In the west, Amrum borders on the Kniepsand, which is immediately in front of it and which merges into the open North Sea. Amrum borders the Wadden Sea to the east . The neighboring island of Föhr to the east can be reached via a mudflat walk of around eight kilometers . The mudflat between the two islands is cut centrally by the Amrumtief , which flows south into the Norderaue . Amrum is separated from the neighboring island of Sylt to the north by the pre-tipping low , and from the Halligen in the south by Rütergat .

The five places on the island are mainly in the east of the island - from north to south - Norddorf , Nebel , Süddorf , Steenodde and Wittdün .

Geology and hydrology

The Kniepsand

Along with Sylt and Föhr, Amrum is one of the three North Frisian Geest core islands . The geest core of Amrum is about 6 km long and about 2.5 km wide. It is limited by the line Lighthouse Steenodde, the tidal shore of Steenodde to northern village and the western edge of dunes and is surrounded by a gently curved, Saalian moraine formed which was formed about 125,000 years ago. In the north and south of this Geest core sand accumulations developed and in the middle part of the Kniepsand, the area of which is around 10 km². The sand flight has since the 13./14. Century led to the formation of 9 km² dunes, some of which are overgrown. The highest point is the dune A Siatler (German: Setzerdüne) with 32 meters above sea level . It is located southwest of Norddorf and has a platform as a viewing dune.

To the north of Norddorf lies the approximately 0.5 km² Norddorfer Marsch . There is another, smaller marshland area between Steenodde and Wittdün. Both areas are protected from flooding by dikes . When the water is low , it is possible to reach the neighboring island of Föhr by hiking through the mudflats .

On the Geestrücke there are forest and heather areas, which essentially form a strip in a north-south direction. To the west of it there is a dune area over the entire length of the island . The maximum width of this area is over one kilometer, the length about twelve kilometers. In total, it occupies about 700 hectares. There are primary , white and gray dunes . Several earlier shifting dunes have been planted. Due to extensive protected areas, the Amrum dunes are the only ones on the west coast that are used by seagulls and ducks for breeding. To the north the dune area runs out to Odde .

To the west of the dune belt, the Kniepsand joins along the entire length . It represents one of the widest sandy beaches in northern Germany. It is neither geologically part of the island nor is it part of the island communities with its area, as it is administratively considered a sea area. It is a high sand , the northern part of which was separated from Amrum by a tidal creek until the mid-1960s and which wanders around the northern tip of the island for a long time.

Amrum lies on a freshwater lens from which it draws its drinking water.

Territory and land use

The island of Amrum covers an area of around 20 square kilometers (not including the 10 km² Kniepsand). The Geest takes up the largest part of it with around 11 square kilometers. Extensive agriculture and livestock farming is practiced on the geest areas east of the forest on Amrum and in the two marshland areas . Most of these are pastures on which Angus and Hereford cattle are kept. There are industrial areas in Nebel and Norddorf.

	fog	Norddorf on Amrum	Wittdün on Amrum	total
Settlement and traffic areas	157	63	56	276
Buildings and open space in total in ha	107	39	30th	176
of which living	87	29	23	139
of which trade / industry	5	1	1	7th
Plant area (without mining land)	2	1	1	4th
Total recreational area in ha	8th	4th	8th	20th
including green area	2	1	7th	10
Cemetery area	1	-	-	1
traffic area	39	18th	17th	74
of which road, path, square	39	18th	11	68
Total agricultural area	454	131	19th	604
of which moor	-	-	-	-
of it heather	47	9	9	65
Forest area	150	25th	9	184
Water surface	4th	8th	7th	19th
Mining land	-	-	-	-
Areas for other uses (excluding cemetery areas)	431	364	169	964
of it land	427	364	169	960
total area	1196	590	260	2046

Measures for island and coastal protection

Amrum is very stable in the sea. There have been no major losses in coastal development in the past. Remains of stone age boulder graves in the shallow North Sea northwest of Amrum indicate that the Geest core was once larger and was eroded by the sea. Nevertheless, the coastal erosion off Wittdün was counteracted with the construction of longitudinal and transverse works. The Wittdün Marsch and the Norddorfer Marsch are protected - to a limited extent - from flooding from the east by overflow dikes. To protect the flooding of the Norddorfer Marsch from the west, dykes were built in the dune gaps on the lake side, which are currently completely sanded over. On the wadden side in front of Norddorf and Nebel there are Lahnungsfelder . In the extreme northeast of the island is the Amrum-Odde, which has not yet benefited from the development of the Kniepsand. There, the edge dunes are sometimes so narrow that occasional dune breakthroughs are possible during severe storm surges.

Administrative division

The branch office of the Föhr-Amrum office in Nebel.

From the 19th century onwards, Amrum belonged to the Tondern district (from 1920: Südtondern district ). As a result of the district reform of 1970, most of the district of Südtondern was merged with the districts of Eiderstedt and Husum on April 26, 1970 to form the new district of North Friesland , to which Amrum has belonged ever since.

On June 27, 1871, all of the localities on the island merged to form the rural community of Amrum. In 1889 the Amrum district was formed from it. After Wittdün (October 13, 1912) and Norddorf (July 25, 1925) were hived off, the rest of the rural community was renamed Nebel on February 23, 1926. These three municipalities with a total of around 2300 inhabitants still exist today.

In 1948 the district was dissolved and the three municipalities from then on formed the Amrum district, which in 1970 became part of North Friesland with most of the South Tondern district.

In the course of the administrative structural reform, the municipalities of the Amrum office merged with the municipalities of the island of Föhr on January 1, 2007 to form the Föhr-Amrum office , whose administrative seat is in Wyk . In the former administrative office in Nebel there is now a branch office of the administration.

The northernmost place on the island is the North Sea spa Norddorf. It was mentioned in a document together with Süddorf as the first village on the island.

Nebel , on the wadden side, is the largest place on the island today. It was founded in the first decades of the 16th century as the third island village after Norddorf and Süddorf. The place name is probably derived from the words nei and bel , the former meaning “new” and the latter based on the old Danish term boli (settlement) (compare Niebüll , Nieblum ). The first houses of this new settlement were grouped around the St. Clemens Church, which had previously stood in the open for two centuries between the north and south villages. The western part of Nebel is called Westerheide . Süddorf is one of the oldest villages in Amrum and is now part of Nebel. Here is the striking Amrum lighthouse a few hundred meters west of Wittdün. Steenodde , also a district of Nebel and located on the Wadden side, was the only port on the island for many years until Wittdün replaced it as the most important ferry port. Großdün is a small settlement north of the lighthouse.

The North Sea health resort Wittdün is located on the southern tip of the island and is most clearly influenced by tourism.

climate

Amrum has a maritime climate . The island lies in the Atlantic climate wedge and is characterized by an average relative humidity of 84% and an average annual temperature of a good 8.5 ° C. Average temperatures in August are between 14 and 19 ° C, in January and February between −1 and 3 ° C. The sun shines an average of 4.7 hours per day; there are an average of eleven rainy days per month. The average amount of precipitation is between 800 and 850 millimeters. From 1961 to 2000, 15 winters with ice accumulation were recorded at the observation station at Amrumer Schmaltief. The frequency of ice formation is 37 percent. The longest duration of an ice winter was 72 days, the average is 33 days.

On Amrum there is a stimulating climate due to the salty air and the relatively strong wind .

The climate classification of Wladimir Köppen According to the classification Cfb applies to Amrum. This classification according to climate zone (C), climate type (Cf) and climate subtype (b) gives Amrum a warm and humid temperate climate with warm summers due to the prevailing cyclonic westerly winds .

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Amrum

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C )	2.6	2.6	4.8	8.9	14.1	17.2	18.5	19.1	16.3	12.4	7.9	4.5	O	10.8
Min. Temperature (° C)	−0.9	−1	0.8	3.5	8th	11.5	13.4	13.9	11.9	8.5	4.2	0.9	O	6.3

Precipitation ( mm )	57.3	35.1	44.9	39.5	41.5	55.9	62.1	72.1	82.5	88.5	94.3	71.6	Σ	745.3

Hours of sunshine ( h / d )	2	3	4th	6th	8th	8th	7th	7th	5	3	2	1	O	4.7

Rainy days ( d )	12	8th	10	9	8th	9	11	11	13	13	16	13	Σ	133

Water temperature (° C)	4th	3	4th	6th	10	13	16	17th	15th	13	9	6th	O	9.7

Humidity ( % )	90	88	86	81	77	76	78	77	79	84	86	88	O	82.5

Source:

Protected areas

Hikers on the Odde

On Amrum there are four protected areas and the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park ( Amrum part), which the Öömrang Ferian association looks after on behalf of the State Office for Nature and Environmental Protection and the State Office for the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park. The Amrum Dunes nature reserve is located in the west of the island. It was designated in 1971, covers almost all dune areas on the island and belongs to all three island communities. The Amrumer Odde forms the northernmost part of the island and is located northeast of the village of Norddorf on Amrum . The area was designated as a nature reserve (NSG) in 1936. The nature reserve Amrumer east coast extends along the shoreline on the mudflat side of the island.

The Amrum Landscape Protection Area (LSG) comprises the entire island of Amrum without the settlement areas and without the nature reserves , around 60 percent of the island's area. The coastal waters and tidal flats around the island form the Amrum part of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park, which Öömrang Ferian and the Wadden Sea Conservation Society are responsible for.

biology

The flora and fauna of the island of Amrum is characterized by its proximity to the sea, but also by sometimes extreme conditions with a high protective value, which have led to the development of rare, ecologically very valuable plant and animal communities. This was taken into account through the establishment of two nature reserves ( Amrumer Dünen and Amrum-Odde ) as well as the location at the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park and the North Frisian Wadden Sea nature reserve . In addition, a large part of Amrum is designated as a nature reserve Amrum .

flora

Amrum dune landscape

Forest path on Amrum

Amrum heathland

The Amrum flora is determined by its location by the sea and the different, mostly nutrient-poor landscapes of the island. On parts of the Kniepsand and in the wide dune belt, dune grasses such as beach grass , as well as beach wormwood and numerous other sand-loving plants such as the mountain sand bells, which bloom in the protected dune locations in summer, grow. Some small pines bent by the sea breeze and creeping willows can also be found in protected locations. The rare sea thistle was still found there until the 1970s .

To the east there are heather areas , mixed with coniferous or mixed forest. In August it comes to large-scale flower of heather , Calluna vulgaris . Here, as in some dune valleys, there are small swamp areas where, for example, the round-leaved sundew can be found. Occurrence of lung gentian , Gentiana pneumonanthe are extinct in the 1990s.

The Amrum forest was laid out on heathland from 1948. Up until then there were only a few smaller plantings around the bird beds . With 180 hectares of forest, Amrum has the largest proportion of forest of all the North Sea islands. At around 9.3%, the proportion of forests is close to the national average in Schleswig-Holstein, but significantly higher than the proportion of the west coast districts. You can mainly find pine, spruce and birch trees here. The forest has now largely lost its artificial character after afforestation. Since 2001, there have also been three to four working weeks a year with volunteers from the mountain forest project , who are involved in forest conversion through to site-appropriate stocking by planting new deciduous tree species. There are also numerous plants at all levels, including many types of mushrooms. On the geest areas east of the forest, extensive agriculture is mostly practiced. Numerous plant species such as round-leaved bellflower , carnation , Carthusian carnation and various hawkweeds grow on the poor grass of the meadows there .

In the small marshland, there are some sour grasses and the cuckoo carnation . This is where the soil is most fertile. The soils of the Amrum gardens are rather poor in nutrients and only allow certain garden plants such as hollyhocks to thrive without special fertilization .

On the salt marshes on the eastern edge of the island you can find societies similar to those on Kniepsand. The beach Lilac and the beach Aster bloom there often in large numbers. The pioneer plant samphire and Andel grass are also common.

fauna

Gray seals on Jungnamensand near Amrum

The Amrum fauna, like the flora, is determined by its island location in the North Sea. There are only small wild mammals such as rabbits, mice, hedgehogs and bats on the island. In the 12th century were on Amrum wild rabbits as wild game introduced. They still populate the island today. A pregnant vixen was released on the island around 2000. They and their offspring caused great damage to the animal world, but have been hunted since then. Seals , gray seals and porpoises live in the sea and on the sandbanks off the Amrum, i.e. in the area of the national park .

In January and December young gray seals are from the island to the west upstream singled to storm surges Young names sand driven to the beach and Amrumer powered by females.

The bird life is particularly rich. Amrum is one of the most important breeding areas for seabirds in Germany. It is the main breeding area of the eider , but also oystercatchers , shelducks , arctic terns , gulls such as herring gull , common gull and black- backed gull and many other species breed on the beach, in the dunes or on the Wadden Sea. In addition, when the birds migrate there are huge flocks of birds such as knot , brent goose or sanderling , which find enough food on the coast. There are also numerous species of songbirds on Amrum, especially in the east of the island . Pheasants have also been introduced as game animals and are common.

Forest lizards as well as amphibians such as moor frogs , natterjack toads and pond newts are further representatives of land-living vertebrates.

Amrum is also rich in insect and spider species. Butterflies - not just butterflies - are particularly noticeable.

In the sea around Amrum there are numerous fish species typical of the North Sea and Wadden Sea, such as plaice and Atlantic herring . The number of other marine animals and their diversity is also immense - which may be mentioned the hermit crab , the whelk and the Pierwurm called. Above all, sand prawns, which are mistakenly marketed as “crabs”, as well as mussels , which are “harvested” in large numbers from the sandbanks by mussel cutters , are used commercially .

history

Meaning of the island name

The word meaning of the island name is possibly derived from "Am Rem", which means something like sandy edge . Morphologically, this relates to the Kniepsand off the island of Amrum in the west. Another theory assumes that the island got its name from the Ambrones who once settled here . In 1231 the island was first mentioned in a document as "Ambrum" in the so-called Waldemars II book of earth . There the presence of rabbits on the island is documented for the first time.

Prehistory and early history

Bronze Age burial mound Esenhugh near Steenodde

The oldest traces of settlement are megalithic graves like the megalithic bed of Nebel . They come from the Neolithic Age . There are numerous burial mounds from the Bronze and Iron Ages , such as the Esenhugh near Steenodde.

In the dune area west of Vogelkoje Meeram there are remains of an Iron Age village. There is a replica of an Iron Age house .

Borag hill from the Viking Age near Norddorf

Whether the Ambrones , who together with the Cimbri and Teutons around 100 BC Rome threatened, came from the area of the island, which was then still connected to the mainland, is controversial.

Relics from the Viking Age such as living quarters and fireplaces have been uncovered in several places on the island. A tower castle from this time is believed to be on the Borag hill (German: "Burg") to the east of Norddorf . The Krümwal , an earth wall about one and a half kilometers long between Nebel and Steenodde, presumably also dates from this time.

Middle Ages and modern times until around 1890

Historical map from 1861

The island was settled by the Frisians in the early Middle Ages , but there was also a certain Nordic population. In the Middle Ages, Amrum belonged to the so-called Uthlands , which only gradually came under the rule of the Danish king or Schleswig duke . The earth book of the Danish king Waldemar from the year 1231 names the two Föhrer Harden Føør voestæ (Westerharde) with Ambrum and Føør østær (Osterland Föhr), whereby Amrum belonged to the Westerharde. Amrum is in the earth book as ambrum, hus, ha, co. listed, so there were houses, hares and rabbits there. After the conflicts over the Duchy of Schleswig between the Danish kings and the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein , the Westerharde and Listland were enclaves of the Danish kingdom and - unlike the other neighboring areas - did not belong to the Duchy of Schleswig. This situation lasted until 1864, interrupted from 1460 to 1484 by the pledge of the Harde to the Schleswig bishop Nikolaus IV. And from 1661 to 1677 or 1683 by the sale of the Harde to Count Hans von Schack .

Amrum was represented by several councilors in the Harde. They were replaced in 1697 by "Gangfersmen" who, among other things, collected taxes. At the same time, the Harde was converted into a Birk , which was run by a Birkvogt who lived on Föhr. The state power was mostly represented by only a few people or not at all in the Harde, so that the residents remained independent except for tax payments. They had additional privileges; from about 1735 onwards they did not have to do any military service "forever".

In addition to salt works , agriculture and fishing , seafaring was one of the main industries. Amrum seafarers, including many captains, were particularly active in whaling and merchant shipping between the 17th and 19th centuries . The seafarer from Amrum , Hark Olufs , who fell into Algerian slavery in 1724 , rose to the rank of general there before returning to the island in 1736.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the recovery of stranded ships was an important source of income for the island. Only with the construction of lighthouses from 1875 and the application of modern navigation techniques did the number of strandings on the west side of Amrum decrease sharply.

In 1810, a skirmish in the Third Coalition War over a shipload of coffee took place on Amrum , the “ Amrum Coffee War ”. An English commando was defeated and handed over to the Danish administration.

After the war of 1864 , Amrum, like all of Schleswig, was ruled jointly by Austria and Prussia . Then Amrum fell to Prussia and in 1867 became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . Initially, the island formed a single municipality in the Tondern district .

After 1864 in particular , more than a quarter of the Amrum population emigrated, for the most part to the USA . Today more people of Amrum origin live there than on the island itself. The connections between Amrum and the USA are still well maintained today.

From the beginning of the bathing business until today

At the end of the 19th century tourism took off rapidly and changed the economic structure on the island permanently. On September 1, 1885, the architect Ludolf Schulze from Waldhausen near Hanover sent a request to the island's community representatives asking for a bathing concession to build a bathing resort on the southern tip of Wittdün. The application was rejected, but the idea of a seaside resort was born. Amrum's Volkert Quedens and Helgoland Paul Jansen Köhn took the initiative and built the first hotels from 1889. Heinrich Andresen came to the island in 1891. He founded a stock corporation, bought the hotels and concessions from Quedens and Köhn and built a large “Kurhaus” on the southern tip of Wittdün and the “Kaiserhof”, which opened in 1892. Unlike in many other seaside resorts, larger ships could also dock. The Amrum island railway operated from 1893 .

In Norddorf it was Pastor Friedrich von Bodelschwingh who acted as the client. In 1890 he received a permit to build a complex that eventually consisted of several lake hospices . They were run by the Serapta Deaconess Institute. While Bodelschwingh was aiming for a Christian seaside resort, there were also secular efforts in Norddorf to get into the recreation business, including by the hotelier Heinrich Hüttmann.

On October 13, 1912, the municipality of Wittdün was formed from the southern part of the island, and on July 25, 1925, the northern part of the municipality of Norddorf was formed. The remainder of the community renamed itself to Nebel on February 23, 1926.

In the referendum on state membership in 1920 , there was a clear majority for Germany, while a large part of the Tondern district came to Denmark.

From the 1950s onwards, there was extensive construction activity, especially in the west of Nebels and Süddorf. In the storm surge of 1962 , the dikes at Norddorf and Steenodde broke, so that both Amrum marshland were flooded. As part of the tourist infrastructure, two seawater swimming pools were built and the wooden jetty in Wittdün was replaced by a large concrete port facility. Many of the hotels and lake hospices from the early days were demolished. In 1998 the burning timber freighter Pallas ran aground off the island, causing severe oil pollution .

Population development

Records of the number of inhabitants of Amrum are only available from the 18th century. Pastor Wedel created the oldest register of residents on the island of Amrum in 1716. The number of 606 inhabitants reported for the year 1796 should also reflect the population level in earlier centuries, since the economic basis of agriculture and fishing is sufficient for a population density of around 30 E / sqkm .

year	population
1716	552
1796	606
1801	533
1834	580
1840	585
1845	626
1860	660
1867	522
1871	571
1880	667
1890	980
1900	923
1905	1004
1910	972
1925	1928
1933	1169
1939	1225
1950	1975
1956	1753
1957	1857
1961	1778
1970	1962
1979	2431
2013	2247

politics

In the three communities, the voter communities Nebeler Bürgerblock (NBB), Norddorfer Bürgerblock (NBB) and Wittdün Bürgerblock (WBB) dominate the municipal councils. They also provide the mayor in the respective municipalities. The island is a stronghold of the CDU at the state, federal and European elections level.

mayor

In Norddorf, Peter Koßmann (NBB) will remain mayor even after the 2013 local elections. In the constituent meeting of the municipal council, he was unanimously elected for a further electoral term. In Nebel, too, the municipal councils opted for continuity. Bern Dell-Missier (NBB) remains mayor of Nebel. He was unanimously re-elected by all three parliamentary groups represented in the municipal council at the constituent meeting of the municipal council in June 2013. Jürgen Jungclaus is Mayor of Wittdün (WBB). He was the only candidate for the office and was also confirmed in his office by the Wittdün municipal council in June 2013.

Local councils

	Seats in the local council of Norddorf	fog	Wittdün
CDU	4th	2	2
Norddorfer Bürgerblock (NBB)	5	-	-
Nebeler Bürgerblock (NBB)	-	7th	-
Wittdüner Citizens' Block (WBB)	-	-	4th
SPD	-	2	3

Representatives in the district, state and Bundestag

In the district council of the North Friesland district, Amrum is represented by the two MPs Martin Drews (CDU) and Jürgen Jungclaus (WG-NF). Drews was able to unite the most votes in the by-election to the local elections in May 2018 in Norddorf and Nebel, while Jungclaus, who already had a list mandate, was ahead in Wittdün.

Amrum belongs to the North Friesland-Nord state electoral district , which consists of the non-governmental communities Reußenköge and Sylt and the offices of Föhr - Amrum, Sylt Landscape, Central North Friesland and South Tondern. The constituency is not represented in the Schleswig-Holstein Landtag ( electoral period from 2017 ). Ingbert Liebing from Sylt won the direct mandate with 45.3 percent of the first votes . After the formation of the Günther cabinet , Liebing was appointed State Secretary and Plenipotentiary of the State of Schleswig-Holstein at the federal government on June 28, 2017 and resigned from both the Bundestag and the Landtag. Liebing's successor as a member of the state parliament was Tobias Loose (32). The state chairman of the Junge Union moved into parliament via the state list. After a long break, he is the first from Kiel for the CDU in parliament.

The communities on the island are part of the North Friesland constituency - Dithmarschen Nord . This includes the district of North Friesland and from the district of Dithmarschen the town of Heide as well as the offices of Büsum-Wesselburen , parish land communities Eider and parish land community Heider Umland . In the 2013 federal election , the Christian Democrat Ingbert Liebing was directly elected. He was able to unite 64 677 of the first votes (49.8 percent). This improved his 2009 result by 6.6 percent. After his appointment as State Secretary and Plenipotentiary of the State of Schleswig-Holstein at the federal government, Liebing also resigned his parliamentary mandate at the end of June 27, 2017. The SPD MP Matthias Ilgen entered the Bundestag via the state list of his party .

Sights and culture

Attractions

Amrum is considered to be the most diverse landscape of the North Frisian Islands. A total of twelve buildings are listed in the three municipalities of the island. However, the number of historic houses is much larger. In addition, there are numerous graves or stone settings from the Stone Age as well as barrows from the Bronze and Viking Ages spread across the island.

With around 180 hectares of forest, the island is one of the most tree-rich North Sea islands. The 15 km long and up to 1.5 km wide Kniepsand is one of the largest connected beaches in Europe. Much of the island is covered with heather. Large areas extend especially between Nebel and Norddorf. Numerous boardwalk paths lead through the extensive dune landscape.

Sea mark

Norddorf lighthouse

Amrum lighthouse

There were four beacons on Amrum until 2016. The Amrum lighthouse is the largest on the German North Sea coast and is a landmark on the island of Amrum. The structure is 41.8 meters high and also stands on a 25 meter high dune. It was put into operation on January 1, 1875 just before sunset. The Amrum lighthouse is the only one that can be visited. The building is open to the public in the summer months. 197 steps lead to the viewing area. The last lighthouse keeper left the tower in 1984 after it was automated.

The Norddorf lighthouse stands on a sand dune on the western edge of the Amrum dune belt. The architecture contains elements of Art Nouveau. The structure was erected in 1906. The two-storey high construction rests on a nearly one meter high, conically shaped brick base and can be reached via a boardwalk through the dunes.

The Nebel lighthouse was built in 1981 and is almost identical to the Wittdün lighthouse built in 1977 , which was shut down in April 1988. Another beacon, the Wriakhörn beacon, was located about 550 m from the Amrum lighthouse to the southwest on the dunes. It was dismantled in September 2016 due to dilapidation.

Mills

Windmill in fog

The Amrum windmill , built in Nebel in 1770/71, is considered the oldest mill in Schleswig-Holstein. It stands on the highest natural elevation in the village and is another landmark of the island. The building has been a listed building since 1967 and is still fully equipped with the grinding aisles. The mill now serves as a museum (see the relevant section) and also as a registry office.

Another Amrum windmill, Bertha , can be found in the foggy district of Süddorf . It once stood on the neighboring island of Sylt and is now used as an apartment. A post windmill had previously stood in its place . The Bertha windmill was in operation until 1942. The mill technology is no longer available.

Another post mill stood in Norddorf at the southeast end of the village.

Churches and chapels

Chapel in Wittdün

St. Clemens Church in Nebel

The St. Clemens Church (, Öömrang : St. Clemens sark ) in Nebel is the largest church on the island. The residents of the then only island villages Norddorf and Süddorf probably built it in 1236, because it was first mentioned in documents in 1240. The tower to the west of the church was built in 1908. Inside there are numerous valuable items of equipment. These include a wooden, early Gothic group of apostles, the chalice-shaped baptismal font from the Romanesque period, the three-part altarpiece (triptych) from 1634, a crucifix with a late Gothic body from 1480, the free-standing sacrament cabinet from the 15th century, the pulpit from the Renaissance period who have favourited gallery pictures from the 17th century and two chandeliers made of brass (brass) from 1671 and 1685.

Until the 20th century, St. Clemens was the only church on the island. With the onset of spa tourism, the desire for a separate church for spa guests grew in Wittdün. In 1903 the Wittdün Chapel with its very short transept was finally built in neo-Gothic style according to plans by the architect Hugo Groothoff . Her altarpiece is worth seeing. It does not show any biblical scenes, but in the middle a panorama of the southern tip of Amrum, on the left the stranding of a ship and on the right the deployment of a lifeboat . The stranding shown is probably the stranding of the steamer Albis on November 18, 1922 in Rütergat.

The Catholic branch church St. Elisabeth in Norddorf was built in 1973.

Cemeteries and tombs

Talking tombstones in the Nebel cemetery

Homeless Cemetery

The talking tombstones are in a separate area in the cemetery surrounding St. Clement's Church in the municipality of Nebel . Their inscriptions tell of the life of the deceased and / or contain quotes from the Bible . The 152 tombstones date from the years 1678 to 1858 and consist mainly of sandstone. The most famous gravestone is that of the navigator Hark Olufs .

The island's new cemetery has been located on the outskirts of Nebel in the direction of Norddorf since 1935. There is also a war cemetery in the cemetery. 49 people were buried there, who fled to Amrum as a result of the National Socialist dictatorship and the Second World War and died there. Nine marines who died in a sea battle off Heligoland in 1914 and were washed ashore on Amrum also found their final resting place in the field. Their bones were reburied in November 2012. The war cemetery had previously been redesigned.

In the cemetery there is a pick with a white flag with a blue square attached. The flag belongs to the flag alphabet and stands for the S. Since August 2012 it has been reminiscent of a boy whose first name began with an S in an accident. In June of that year the boy had dug a deep hole on Wittdün beach and was buried in it by the sand. Despite immediately initiated search measures, he could only be found after three days.

The homeless cemetery is on the outskirts of Nebel. From 1906 to 1969, a total of 32 unidentifiable corpses washed up on the beach were interred there. According to the church chronicle, the cemetery was laid out in 1905 by the beach bailiff, Captain Carl Jessen. Along with the Westerländer and Spiekeroog cemeteries, it is one of the most famous cemeteries for the homeless .

Nebel's megalithic bed was preserved from the Neolithic Age . The Dolmen Steenodde is a barrow covered by a mound of earth (also known as a megalithic complex) that dates from the Neolithic Age. It is on the outskirts of Steenodde. The largest burial mound on Amrum, the Esenhugh, can also be found in Steenodde. His age is unknown. It may have been created as early as the Stone Age or the Bronze Age. The burial ground of Steenodde probably dates back to the Viking Age (10th - 11th centuries), which originally comprised around 80 burial mounds, of which only a few are preserved today. The dead were mostly cremated and buried in urns. More burial mounds, mostly from the Bronze Age, can be found all over the island.

Museums and exhibitions

Öömrang Hüs

Norddorf Nature Center

The island's local museum is housed in the Amrum windmill. It is open from April to October. In its exhibition the history of Amrum as well as the flora and fauna of Amrum are presented. You can see exhibits on the Amrum island railway , sea rescue and Amrum culture. In changing exhibitions, artists show their works on Amrum or elsewhere.

In the faithfully furnished kitchen, living room and other rooms of Öömrang Hüs , which was built around 1751 , the insular living culture of bygone days is shown. In addition to the permanent exhibition, the house also presents temporary exhibitions in other rooms. It is open from April to October. The house belongs to the local and cultural association Öömrang Ferian , which was founded in 1974 and, in addition to its function as a museum, also serves the association as an archive.

The Amrum Nature Center, opened in 1998 at the Norddorf beach crossing in the former swimming pool, also belongs to Öömrang Ferian. There are maritime and natural history exhibitions that provide information about the Wadden Sea habitat and its inhabitants. The former indoor swimming pool is currently being converted into an exhibition room, in which the skeleton of a sperm whale, the history of whaling on the North Frisian Islands and especially on Amrum, as well as a natural history section are to be shown. From autumn 2017, visitors will be able to find out more about the whales native to the Wadden Sea National Park, migrating marine mammals, ecology, biology and animal protection. The Maritur is located directly above the Amrum Nature Center . Since 2006 Öömrang Ferian has shown two exhibitions there: Hark Olufs - Sold as a slave, returned as a general and Der Kojenmann - Man and Nature in the Wadden Sea . The exhibitions were made available by the Syddansk University, where they were led by Prof. Dr. Rheinheimer were developed.

The nature conservation company Schutzstation Wattenmeer is showing part of its exhibition on the Wadden Sea National Park in the Wittdün swimming pool. Beach crabs, plaice and hermit crabs can be seen in several aquariums. The much larger exhibition was housed in the North Sea Hall until the end of 2014, which was demolished in January 2015. The association is currently looking for a permanent solution to present the entire exhibition.

Other structures

Replica of an Iron Age house

Beach castles are a specialty of Amrum

The Vogelkoje Meeram was one of two facilities on Amrum that was used to catch wild ducks. It was in operation from 1866 to 1936. Since 2011 the area with the adjoining biotopes and the archaeological area has been a "natural experience space". Visitors can move around the facility on a barrier-free boardwalk that also leads through the adjacent biotopes (dunes, heath, forest and wetlands). On various boards and elements you can find out about details and backgrounds to the bird bunk, the nature around the bird bunk with its animals and biotopes and the influence of humans on nature.

Part of the Vogelkoje Meeram nature experience area is also the archaeological area that adjoins the dunes and cross-brand fire. There are extensive excavation sites in the area with finds from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. A Stone Age grave site (“long bed”) and individual house floor plans can be seen in the ground, and since 2014 the reconstruction of an Iron Age house has made living conditions in early history understandable.

A specialty of Amrum are the so-called beach castles on the Kniepsand made of colorful flotsam, especially wood. They are tolerated by the building and public order office. "Panschos Burg", which the artist Ottfried Schwarz rebuilt several times, became famous. The first version including 200 sacks of Amrumer sand was temporarily shown in the courtyard of the Altona Museum in Hamburg-Altona. In 2017 Pancho's castle was finally lost.

The Krümwal is about one and a half kilometers long and about one and a half meters high earth wall between Nebel and Steenodde. It probably dates from the Viking Age.

Culture

language

Song verse on Öömrang

High German is spoken primarily on Amrum today. Frisian is one of the native languages of the island . The Amrum dialect, which still dominates a good quarter of the population, is called Öömrang . With the dialects of Föhr , Sylt and Helgoland , it forms the island North Frisian dialect group , which is clearly separated from mainland North Frisian. The Öömrang is still quite similar to the Föhrer Frisian , but even for speakers of the Sylt dialect belonging to the same dialect branch it is already difficult to understand. Frisian lessons are offered on Amrum in the kindergarten, the Öömrang-Skuul and at the adult education center. At the grammar school level, Frisian is only taught in Wyk auf Föhr. According to the statutes of May 29, 1992, correspondence in the Öömrang Ferian association is conducted in Frisian. The language of the meeting should also be Frisian, if possible. The association also promotes the publication of Frisian literature relating to Amrum and events such as Frisian evenings and theater performances.

Many Amrum residents also speak Low German , as this was the language of seafarers near the coast. In addition, after the Reformation it was the language of the church until 1720, before it was replaced by High German.

Danish is only spoken by a few people from Amrum.

Costumes

Amrum costume group

The Amrum costume is first mentioned in the 16th century, when the Amrum women took over the costume from the neighboring island of Föhr, thereby replacing the traditional costume they had previously worn. In its origins it comes from the Spanish court costume. The wreath of the Amrum costume can be traced back to Portugal. The costume has hardly changed in the past 150 years. Until the 18th century it was still very colorful, today it is almost exclusively the Sunday costume and the festive costume in black and white. A male counterpart to the female costume is missing on Amrum.

In earlier times, the headdress, the bonnet, was wrapped around the head by the wearer themselves. Today the square scarf is folded around the head by a dressmaker, raised with a bead of fabric and fastened with pins. Until the 20th century, women mainly wore black aprons with their costume. Then around the turn of the century, white aprons prevailed. The filigree breast jewelry is made of silver. On Amrum it usually consists of eight to twelve filigree buttons and a multi-link hook chain. This consists of a three- or four-row link chain with an amulet in the middle on which the components cross, heart and anchor are as symbols for faith, love and hope , the signs of Christian virtues.

The costume is worn by young girls and women especially for confirmations, weddings or birthdays and for tourist events such as home evenings .

Regular events and customs

Hulken on Amrum

There are several peculiar customs on Amrum. Biakin is celebrated on February 21 (Öömrang: Piadersinj , German: St. Peter's Eve) . A large fire is lit to drive out winter. People blacken each other's faces with soot. The day is based on the old holiday Petri Stuhlfeier (Öömrang: Piadersdai ), which was originally celebrated on February 22nd and is also celebrated in other North Frisian communities.

On the evening of the old year , the Hulken takes place, in which groups of mostly young, imaginatively disguised Amrumers run from house to house, let them guess their identity and then, depending on their age , are rewarded with sweets or alcoholic drinks such as grain .

The Hualewjonken (German: "Halbdunkeln") is a gathering of mostly male Amrumers at dusk, during which the participants talk in the gloom. The custom is related to seafaring, which in earlier centuries was the main occupation of the Amrum people. In the winter, when the ships could not sail, the unmarried seafarers in particular came together regularly in the afternoons to study together.

With the participation of the Amrum brass band and the traditional costume group, the beginning of summer is celebrated on the Kniepsand in front of fog on June 21st with a solstice celebration.

religion

Interior of St. Clement's Church in Nebel

Filial church St. Elisabeth in Norddorf

The main church on the island is St. Clemens Church in Nebel, built around 1200. The majority of the population of Amrum has been Protestant since the Reformation and belongs to the St. Clemens parish . In addition to the parish church, it maintains the parish hall of St. Clemens Hüs in Nebel, which was inaugurated in 1980, and a chapel built in 1903 in Wittdün . In Norddorf, the Protestant parish hall built in 1929 is used by the parish for church services and other events.

There was no longer a Roman Catholic parish after the Reformation. After the seaside resorts were founded, more and more Catholic guests flocked to the island. They held their service in Norddorf first in a small room specially prepared for this purpose in the Hotel Hüttmann, and later in the so-called mission house . In 1973 the branch church St. Elisabeth Amrum was finally built. Today the community has around 200 members and is part of the greater parish of North Friesland, which also includes the churches of St. Josef (Leck), St. Marien (Wyk auf Föhr), St. Peter Ording, Husum, Nordstrand and Sylt. A Roman Catholic chapel built in Wittdün in 1905 was later demolished in favor of a drugstore.

Economy and Infrastructure

No separate unemployment statistics are collected for the island of Amrum. The three island communities belong to the statistical area of the Niebüll branch within the Flensburg district of the employment agency . There were 1,231 people registered as unemployed in May 2017, 29 or 2.4 percent more than in May 2016, compared to the previous month 117 or 8.7 percent fewer. The unemployment rate was 4.7 percent (May 2016 4.2 percent; previous month 4.7 percent). 7.1%. The unemployment rate is slightly lower on the islands.

tourism

Boardwalk through the nature reserve Amrumer Dunes from Nebel to the beach

The main line of business is tourism . Amrum has around 12,000 guest beds. In 2016, a total of 1.29 million overnight stays were registered on the basis of registration forms. In the statistics of the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein , on the other hand, only overnight stays in the 200 accommodation facilities with more than ten beds are recorded. 800,676 overnight stays were counted there. According to these statistics, the average length of stay in Nebel was 10 days, in Norddorf 8.1 days and in Wittdün 7.8 days.

In 2012 Amrum had around 10,000 guest beds. In 2012 there were around 150,000 overnight guests and 1.5 million overnight stays as well as 100,000 day-trippers. Excluding guests from the Satteldüne children's clinic, the children's recreation homes, the Ban Horn school camp and the youth hostel , 133,913 arrivals and 1,265,917 overnight stays were counted in 2012. Of these, 343,872 overnight stays were in Wittdün, 447,808 in Nebel and 474,237 in Norddorf.

Agriculture

Farm in Süddorf

Agriculture is practiced on the Geestkern as well as in the two marshland areas . Because of the less fertile sandy soil and the overall too small arable land, arable farming has never been of greater importance. The yields of cattle breeding remained low, because there were only a few poor pasture areas available for this, and some of them were flooded by spring tides. In 1910 the approximately 1000 inhabitants of the island kept a total of 594 head of cattle. These included 212 cattle, 42 horses, 222 sheep and 118 pigs. Especially Süddorf was characterized by agriculture, as it benefited least from tourism. By 1980 there were fewer than ten farmers on Amrum. Today it is only operated by a few farms and partly as a sideline.

fishing

Fishing has been the main source of income for centuries. From the 15th century the islanders went fishing for herring. Its income declined in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Amrumer discovered the economic possibilities of whaling for themselves. This remained the main source of income for the Amrumer until 1860. Afterwards the islanders went to sea as captains or helmsmen on merchant ships. From the 11th to the 19th century, oyster farming was also an important branch of business. Due to falling yields, the islanders stopped breeding in 1881. Today there is still a fisherman on the island.

Ports

The Wittdün ferry terminal

There are two municipal ports on the island of Amrum. The port of Wittdün is used for ferry and freight traffic, while the port of Steenodde is used exclusively for cargo handling, mainly heating oil and other fuels. In 2006, 6,117 tons of sea freight were handled in Steenodde. In Wittdün it was 23,299 t. The operators of the ports in Wittdün and Steenodde are the Amrum utilities.

The port of Wittdün emerged from a pier that was built in 1890 when Wittdün was founded. Near the Wittdün ferry port is the sea sign port operated by the Tönning Waterways and Shipping Authority , which is used by ships such as the Amrumbank buoy and the rescue cruiser Ernst Meier-Hedde, as well as sports boats. There the foundation stone for the first berth was laid in 1915 at what is now the north pier. Together with the other Amrum ports, it was to serve as a construction and base port for the large dredgers who began building the Hindenburg dam between Sylt and the mainland in the early 1920s .

Shortly before the end of the 19th century, the first Amrum landing bridge for freight and passenger traffic was built in Steenodde . For a while there was a small shipyard on the sandwall near the bridge. From 1960 to 1971, Steenodde was the seat of Amrumer Schiffahrts AG and home port of the Amrum ferry or - from 1968 - a car ferry of the same name, which ran to the port on the Schlüttsiel - Hooge - Langeneß - Wittdün - Steenodde line until around 1985 .

Another port, the Kniephafen to the west of Norddorf, silted up completely within a short time at the beginning of the 20th century due to the sediment supply from the Kniepsand.

traffic

Ferry Uthlande of the Wyker Dampfschiffs-Reederei

The operator of the bus is the WDR .

Shipping

The island is connected to Wyk auf Föhr and Dagebüll by a ferry line (with vehicle transport) . The regular connection to Schlüttsiel and the Halligen Langeneß and Hooge was discontinued from the summer season 2019. Wittdün is the ferry port. In 2016, 2172 arriving ships and 604,811 people were handled there. Compared to the previous year, this meant a decrease of 9.7% in ship landings and 11.7% in passenger traffic. Most tourists arrive via Dagebüll. From there, the Wyker Dampfschiffs-Reederei (WDR) ferry takes 90 minutes for a direct connection between Dagebüll and Amrum, and around 120 minutes for the more frequent connection via the neighboring island of Föhr.

During the summer months the shipping company connects Adler- Schiff with a regular ferry schedule (only for passengers) with the ships Adler-Express Wittdün with Hörnum on Sylt, the Hallig Hooge and Strucklahnungshörn on Nordstrand , as well as the Adler IV Hörnum with Wittdün and Wyk on Föhr. Excursions on the Eilun take place from the ferry port in the summer months .

Road traffic

In July 2007, 1,343 cars, 139 trucks, 95 motorcycles and 298 trailers were registered on Amrum. In the Wittdün community in particular, there was a high level of motorization at the time.

Next to the car, the bicycle is the main means of transport; the cycle path network is well developed. Numerous bike rental companies also enable tourists who arrive without a bike to be mobile. A bus line connects Norddorf, Nebel, Süddorf and Wittdün almost every hour (every half hour in the main season). Like the car ferry lines, the bus line is operated by WDR .

The paved road from Wittdün to Norddorf was completed in 1939.

air traffic

In 1928 an airfield was created on the heath south of Norddorf. However, those interested in the nearby Vogelkoje complained against this . They were able to prevail in court. The ruling restricted air traffic to a few summer months until August. The number of passengers remained below expectations, so that air traffic was soon suspended. There was a new attempt to build an airfield after the Second World War. These were rejected for reasons of nature and landscape protection. Since then, Amrum has been the only one of the four large North Frisian Islands (besides Amrum, Sylt, Föhr and Pellworm) without an airport. In Nebel there is a landing place for helicopters with the usual standards. It is used exclusively for emergency or urgent patient transports to the mainland.

Rail transport

In 1893, the Wittdün and Amrum corporation started trial operation of a railway on the Wittdün – Wittdün Strand line. In 1901, rail operations began on the Wittdün – Nebel line . A year later, the Amrum island railway was then operated to Norddorf Hafen and thus almost reached the maximum route network length, which in its maximum extent comprised around 14 km. The island railway remained a loss-making business throughout its existence, which was discontinued in 1939. Although the Inselbahn has not been running for a long time, there is a rubber- tired " locomotive " - a converted Toyota off-road vehicle - with two trailers that is used as the "Amrumer Inselbahn" or "Insel-Paul" for sightseeing trips.

Education

Öömrang Skuul

In kindergarten Amrum 86 children are currently managing. The Öömrang-Skuul is an elementary school and community school resource center part of the Office Föhr-Amrum in fog. In 1968, the three elementary schools in Wittdün, Nebel and Norddorf were combined as the Amrum village community school. As a secondary school with elementary and secondary school, it leads to the secondary school leaving certificate. The school received its new domicile in a new building centrally located in Süddorf. It has been called Öömrang Skuul (Öömrang; German: "Amrumer Schule") since 2002. It is attended by around 200 students. Of these, 80 are in primary and 120 in secondary schools. In the class groups, classes are taught across all grades and schools.

In order to obtain the Abitur, the students after the 10th grade can use the Eilun-Feer-Skuul in Wyk auf Föhr as well as the vocational high schools at the vocational school in Niebüll. The subjects of agriculture, nutrition, technology and economics are offered there. The Öömrang Skuul has concluded cooperation agreements with the Eilun-Feer-Skuul and the vocational high schools in Niebüll, which guarantee a place for Amrum students if they meet the requirements for the grade point average.

For adults, founded in September 1977 provides Amrumer community college courses. To do this, she uses the rooms of the Öömrang-Skuul for her courses. The institution is sponsored by an 80-member association. There are public libraries in the AmrumTouristik Norddorf and in Öömrang-Skuul . The youth center (JUZ) is located at the entrance to Nebel on the site of the sports field opposite the windmill. The sponsor is the association for the promotion of a youth center on Amrum. It is funded by the Nordfriesland district, which bears the personnel costs for the youth center.

media

As an island characterized by tourism, all common newspapers and magazines are available on Amrum. All print media are brought to the island on the first ferry from Dagebüll in the morning. The local newspaper is called Der Insel-Bote . He reports on local events on Föhr, Amrum and the Halligen. The paper's predecessors were the Westsee Insel newspaper , first published in 1870. The "Insel-Bote" was founded in 1880 and integrated into the Flensburg newspaper publisher in 1954. AmrumTouristik is the publisher of several publications: Amrum Aktuell is the island's weekly event calendar. The annual circulation is given with 250,000 pieces. Little Amrumer is an annual magazine. The contributions are devoted to cultural and historical topics, stories from everyday life or report on the island's nature. The Kleine Amrumer appears in an edition of 35,000 copies. AmrumNews is the official online newspaper of the North Sea island of Amrum with daily news.

Since September 25, 2010, FriiskFunk has been broadcasting a radio program in North Frisian on weekdays from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. on the West Coast Open Channel . The production of the Frisian language contributions is financed by the Ferring Foundation and the Frisian Council . The radio studio is set up in the buildings of the Ferring Foundation in Alkersum , where the programs are produced in cooperation with the Schleswig-Holstein Open Canal. The Öömrang Skuul school radio “Strandgut” is also on the air regularly. The program is also broadcast on the West Coast Open Channel. The open channel operates the Nebel / Amrum outdoor studio in Öömrang Skuul, which is also available to the residents of Amrum. Arjan Kölzow has been running his “Radio Öömrang” since 2006, which is only broadcast every year for the Biikebrennen on February 21st. The program is broadcast via shortwave and can therefore be received worldwide. The program in Frisian and English is aimed at emigrants and their descendants.

health care

A health clinic in Nebel

Medical care for the islanders and tourists is provided by two registered contract doctors (general medicine), two dentists and two pharmacies. The ambulance station on Amrum covers the entire island with its two rescue vehicles and, if necessary, provides medical support to the crew of the DGzRS sea rescue cruiser. Emergency medical care is provided by two anesthesiologists and general practitioners who work and live on the island. The rescue station's vehicles are all-wheel drive and are therefore able to carry out missions on the sandy areas of the island.

There is no hospital on Amrum. There are clinics on Sylt, the mainland and on the neighboring island of Föhr. The island clinic Föhr-Amrum there was the last to have a maternity ward on a North Sea island. Since then, births have had to take place on the mainland, for example in the Husum Clinic.

In addition, there are numerous rehabilitation facilities on the island with a focus on skin and metabolic diseases, diseases of the respiratory organs, nutritional disorders and several mother / father & child spa clinics.

If islanders or guests need to be transported to a hospital on the mainland or on the neighboring island of Föhr, the fastest transfer is by helicopter. The helicopter stationed at the Niebüll location takes around 10 minutes to fly to Amrum. A helicopter is stationed in Rendsburg, which also has a night flight permit. From there the flight time is about 35 minutes. However, the island cannot be approached by rescue helicopters on about 150 days / nights a year due to the weather. In these cases, the German Armed Forces can be used, with the Navy's “SAR 10”, a large-capacity helicopter of the “Seaking” type is stationed on Heligoland. The flight time to Amrum is about an hour. Transports by ambulance, however, are only possible to a limited extent due to the ferry connections. The German Society for the Rescue of Shipwrecked People (DGzRS) also carries out patient transports. The travel time to Föhr is around 40 minutes, depending on the water level. The rescue cruiser takes about an hour to reach the mainland. In addition, there is the overland route from the respective ship piers to the destination hospital.

Wind turbines

In contrast to mainland Schleswig-Holstein (and a system on the neighboring island of Föhr), there are no wind turbines on the island . The Amrumbank West offshore wind farm with 80 turbines was built around 36 km south of Amrum, the Nordsee Ost offshore wind farm with 48 turbines around 30 kilometers west of the island. Both are out of view, but can sometimes be seen as a mirage .

Supply and disposal

Amrum is supplied with electricity from Föhr via two 4.5 kilometer long submarine cables. The neighboring island itself is connected to the mainland power grid via Emmelsbüll-Horsbüll with three submarine cables, each nine kilometers long. The line to Norddorf on Amrum is designed twice so that the supply is guaranteed even if a submarine cable fails. Since it had its own transformer installed for Amrum at the Utersum substation on the neighboring island of Föhr in 2010, the network operator Schleswig-Holstein Netz has been able to operate the power grids of both islands separately. Since then, damage in one island power grid has had no impact on the grid on the other island. Schleswig-Holstein Netz AG also operates the four-kilometer gas pipeline from Föhr to Amrum and the ten-kilometer gas pipeline from Emmelsbüll-Horsbüll to Föhr, which supplies the islands with fuel. Heating oil and other fuels are delivered via the Steenodde freight port.

Amrum lies on a freshwater lens from which it draws its drinking water. The daily consumption fluctuates strongly. In winter, around 600–700 cubic meters are used on the island every day. In summer it is between 1800 and 2100 m³. The Amrum utilities have maintained the waterworks in Nebel-Westerheide responsible for the supply since 1975. It has five wells, about 40 to 50 meters deep, through which the water is pumped, three boilers in which the well water is filtered through limestone, and two 800,000 liter basins that hold drinking water. This ensures daily consumption in the off-season even if the well pumps fail. The households in Norddorf supplied themselves with drinking water from wells until 2006, before the community was also connected to the central drinking water supply.

The island's sewer network is around 27 kilometers long. They lead to the two sewage treatment plants in Wittdün and Nebel. There, too, there are problems with the strongly fluctuating amount of wastewater. In winter, so little wastewater arrives there that the systems cannot be fully utilized and do not always carry enough nutrients for optimal cleaning. The garbage collection is carried out by a private company. The waste is transported to the mainland via the collection station in the Süddorf industrial park.

Established businesses

With around 160 jobs, the Satteldüne, a specialist clinic for children and adolescents operated by Deutsche Rentenversicherung Nord, is the island's largest employer.

The Amrum utilities operate the waterworks, the only filling station on the island, the two municipal ports in Wittdün and Steenodde and the two wastewater treatment plants in Wittdün and Nebel.

The Wyker Dampfschiffs-Reederei Föhr-Amrum connects Amrum with the mainland with regular year-round service . As a transport company, WDR also operates public bus services on Amrum.

The Tönning Waterways and Shipping Office maintains a branch in the sea sign harbor on Amrum, where the Amrumbank buoy laying ship and the motor ship Lumme are stationed. There the Waterways and Shipping Office maintains a carpentry and locksmith's shop, a small warehouse and a warehouse as well as an administration building in a steel hall for the maintenance of the barrels and light barrels. The jurisdiction of the suburb of Amrum extends south to the Eiderstedt peninsula and north to the German-Danish border. On the sea side, it includes the territorial sea up to the 12 nautical mile limit, and on the tidal side it is limited by the mainland. In the area of the outer district there are around 320 km of concreted waterways as well as 327 floating navigation signs (sea bins) and 49 solar-powered light bins at important points.

The German Society for the Rescue of Shipwrecked People (DGzRS) has stationed the rescue cruiser Ernst Meier-Hedde in the sea sign port. The area includes the area of the Wadden Sea, including the Halligen Hooge and Langeneß, but also the German Bight. In addition, sea rescuers also transport the injured or sick to the hospital on the neighboring island of Föhr. The permanent crew of the Amrum station consists of a total of nine men. Twelve volunteers are available to supplement them if necessary.

There are numerous retail and catering establishments on the island.

Personalities born on Amrum

Hark Olufs (1708–1754), navigator
Lorenz Friedrich Mechlenburg (1799–1875), pastor and linguist
Knut Jungbohn Clement (1803–1873), writer
Georg Quedens (* 1934), writer, photographer, local historian and naturalist
Carsten Pörksen (* 1944), politician

Movies

Numerous cinema and television films were shot in whole or in part on Amrum , for example Nesthäkchen , Murderer on Amrum , The Horse Island and the movie Summer .

literature

Georg Quedens , Hans Hingst, Gerhard Stück, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 .
Georg Quedens: Amrum. Breklumer Verlag, Breklum 2004, ISBN 3-7793-1110-0 .
Georg Quedens: Island under a wide sky. 3. Edition. Breklumer Verlag, Breklum 2004, ISBN 3-7793-1120-8 .
Georg Quedens: The seaside resort of Amrum. "... and fear the corruption of the local good manners ..." . Changed new edition. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 2006, ISBN 3-924422-79-6 .

Web links

Commons : Amrum - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikivoyage: Amrum - travel guide

AmrumTouristik
Technical plan for coastal protection in Amrum at schleswig-holstein.de
The history of the island of Amrum (PDF; 236 kB)
The flora of Amrum
Link catalog on Amrum at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )

Map (west) map (east) map (northern tip)

Individual evidence

↑ Föhr and Amrum: increasing number of overnight stays . In: IHK Schleswig-Holstein . May 7, 2017 ( ihk-schleswig-holstein.de [accessed July 11, 2017]). Föhr and Amrum: Rising number of overnight stays ( memento from September 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive )

↑ development. Schleswig-Holstein State Portal - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 11, 2017 .

↑ Neuhaus, Beinker, Bründel, Lange: Dunes at the Schleswig-Holstein west coast. In: Federal Environment Agency and national park administrations of Lower Saxony Wadden Sea / Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea (ed.): Wadden Sea Environment Atlas . Volume 1: North Frisian and Dithmarsches Wadden Sea . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998/1999, ISBN 3-8001-3491-8 , pp. 92-93.

^ Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Amrum 1991, p. 12.

↑ Waterworks increases its performance. sh: z , accessed September 16, 2015.

↑ regionalstatistik.de: Area survey according to type of actual use from December 31, 2015 for the communities Nebel, Nordorf on Amrum and Wittdün on Amrum. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

↑ development. Schleswig-Holstein State Portal - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 11, 2017 .

↑ doczz.net. (PDF) Retrieved July 13, 2017 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Hans-Jürgen Sturies: Forest formation and forest maintenance on the island of Amrum. How did the forests "Christian" and "Xaver" survive? (PDF) In: Bauernblatt. April 5, 2014, accessed July 14, 2017 .

↑ Klima Amrums at klima.org; accessed on August 22, 2014.

^ Environmental Atlas of the State of Schleswig-Holstein, survey period 1961–1990. (PDF; p. 12) accessed on August 22, 2014.

↑ Mean and extreme ice parameters for the period 1961 to 2000 . Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

↑ Information. ( Memento from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: muko.info , accessed on August 22, 2014.

↑ Markus Kottek: Effective climate classification according to Wladimir Peter Köppen (GIF, 143 kB) University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2009.

↑ The climate in Amrum . WetterKontor GmbH. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

↑ Amrum island climate (water temperatures) . Urlaubplanen.org. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

↑ Tanja Tillmann, Daniel Ziehe, Jürgen Wunderlich: Holocene landscape development on the west coast of the North Sea island of Amrum. (PDF) In: E & G Quaternary Science Journal Volume 62 / Number 2 / pp. 98–119. 2013, accessed July 18, 2017 . , after: Quedens, Georg: Amrum . 23rd edition. Breklum 2008, p. 9 .

^ Marold, Edith., Zimmermann, Christiane .: North West Germanic . W. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-11-090769-8 , pp. 156 .

↑ Norbert Benecke: The Young Pleistocene and Holocene animal world of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Beier & Beran, Archäologische Fachliteratur, Weissbach 2000, ISBN 3-930036-39-8 , p. 92 .

↑ Georg Quedens: Amrum. Christian Jensen Verlag, Breklum 1971, DNB 999717413 .

↑ Nils Århammar: History of the North Frisians and the North Frisian . In: Volkert F. Faltings, Alastair GH Walker and Ommo Wilts (eds.): Frisian Studies II . Odense University Press, Odense 1995, ISBN 87-7838-059-6 , pp. 68/69 .

^ Map by Johannes Steenstrup Administrative division of Denmark in the Middle Ages

^ O. Nielsen (Ed.): Liber Census Daniæ - Kong Valdemar den andens jordbog. - Internet Archive . GEC Gads, København 1875, p. 33.

^ Georg Quedens , Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 64.

^ ^A ^b Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard Stück, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 65.

↑ Volkert F. Faltings: The thing protocols of the Föhrer Westerharde. (PDF) accessed on October 12, 2015.

↑ Georg Quedens: Ship on the beach! Amrum beachfalls. 2nd Edition. Jens Quedens, Wittdün 2002, ISBN 3-924422-69-9 .

↑ Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum - landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 78.

↑ Georg Quedens: The seaside resort Amrum. 2nd Edition. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 2006, ISBN 3-924422-79-6 .

^ The population of the communities in Schleswig-Holstein 1867–1970 . State Statistical Office Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 1972, OCLC 164901245 , p. 96 f. and 104 f .

^ Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature . Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 285.

↑ ^a ^b Martin Rheinheimer: Der Kojenmann: Man and Nature in the Wadden Sea; 1860-1900 . Wachholtz, Neumünster 2007, ISBN 978-3-529-02776-5 , pp. 19 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Friedrich Remde: Amrum: a contribution to the genesis and structure of an island settlement . Diss. Univ. Münster ,, Münster 1972. p. 80.

↑ ^a ^b Journal of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History (ZSHG) . tape 132 , 2007, p. 81 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Journal for Economic Geography . tape October 26 , 1982, p. 80 .

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↑ Georg Quedens : Amrum - From ancient times. Hansen & Hansen, Itzehoe without year, p. 35.

↑ Nebel war cemetery on Amrum - construction, maintenance and repair. Volksbund.de, accessed on July 18, 2017 .

↑ St. Clemens parish - Amrum. Retrieved July 18, 2017 .

↑ Norbert Fischer: Memorial Landscape North Sea Coast: Stagings of the maritime death. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Staging of the Coast (series of publications by the Isa Lohmann-Siems Foundation). Norbert Fischer, Susan Müller-Wusterwitz, Brigitta Schmidt-Lauber, March 2007, archived from the original on September 3, 2017 ; accessed on July 14, 2017 .

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↑ Amrum Nature Center - Maritur. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

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↑ inspection tour: National Park Information Center Wittdün - National Park Partner Schleswig-Holstein. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

↑ Oliver Schulz: Sand under . In: The time . August 25, 2005, ISSN 0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed July 14, 2017]).

↑ Georg Quedens: The »Panscho« castle - an Amrum attraction was lost! In: AmrumNews. April 26, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

↑ Georg Quedens: Amrum. Christian Jensen Verlag, Breklum 1971, DNB 999717413 .

↑ Overview of all kindergartens working in Frisian in North Friesland. (PDF) Friesenrat, 2014, accessed on July 18, 2017 .

^ Daniel Kummetz: Minority Language: Abitur in Frisian . In: the daily newspaper . April 15, 2013 ( taz.de [accessed July 18, 2017]).

↑ Munske, Horst Haider., Århammar, Nils .: Handbuch des Frisian = Handbook of Frisian studies . Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-11-094692-0 , p. 57 .

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↑ Tourist accommodation in Schleswig-Holstein 2016. (PDF) Statistics Office North, March 15, 2017, accessed on July 11, 2017 .

↑ Amrum - a natural paradise. In: The world . 4th July 2012.

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^ Eva Missler: Sylt, Amrum, Föhr. Baedeker, 2005, ISBN 978-3-8297-1049-7 , p. 161.

↑ ^a ^b Georg Quedens : Amrum. Breklumer Verlag, Breklum 1971, p. 58.

^ Publisher: development. State portal Schleswig-Holstein - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 19, 2017 .

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^ Georg Quedens .: Amrum: Landscape, History, Nature . J. Quedens, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , pp. 211 .

↑ Georg Quedens: Amrum: Landscape, History, Nature . J. Quedens, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , pp. 210 .

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↑ ^a ^b With the tide calendar for line control. (No longer available online.) Schleswig-Holstein Netz AG, formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 19, 2017 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.sh-netz.com

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↑ Peter Lückel: Investment in the efficiency of the drinking water supply on the island of Amrum ... (to). In: AmrumNews. August 29, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2017 .

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[1] Föhr and Amrum: increasing number of overnight stays . In: IHK Schleswig-Holstein . May 7, 2017 ( ihk-schleswig-holstein.de [accessed July 11, 2017]). Föhr and Amrum: Rising number of overnight stays ( memento from September 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive )

[2] development. Schleswig-Holstein State Portal - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 11, 2017 .

[3] development. Schleswig-Holstein State Portal - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 11, 2017 .

[Neuhaus-4] Neuhaus, Beinker, Bründel, Lange: Dunes at the Schleswig-Holstein west coast. In: Federal Environment Agency and national park administrations of Lower Saxony Wadden Sea / Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea (ed.): Wadden Sea Environment Atlas . Volume 1: North Frisian and Dithmarsches Wadden Sea . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998/1999, ISBN 3-8001-3491-8 , pp. 92-93.

[5] Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Amrum 1991, p. 12.

[6] Waterworks increases its performance. sh: z , accessed September 16, 2015.

[7] regionalstatistik.de: Area survey according to type of actual use from December 31, 2015 for the communities Nebel, Nordorf on Amrum and Wittdün on Amrum. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

[8] development. Schleswig-Holstein State Portal - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 11, 2017 .

[9] development. Schleswig-Holstein State Portal - State Agency for Coastal Protection, National Park and Marine Protection Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.SH), accessed on July 11, 2017 .

[10] doczz.net. (PDF) Retrieved July 13, 2017 .

[Bauernblatt-11] Hans-Jürgen Sturies: Forest formation and forest maintenance on the island of Amrum. How did the forests "Christian" and "Xaver" survive? (PDF) In: Bauernblatt. April 5, 2014, accessed July 14, 2017 .

[12] Klima Amrums at klima.org; accessed on August 22, 2014.

[13] Environmental Atlas of the State of Schleswig-Holstein, survey period 1961–1990. (PDF; p. 12) accessed on August 22, 2014.

[14] Mean and extreme ice parameters for the period 1961 to 2000 . Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

[15] Information. ( Memento from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: muko.info , accessed on August 22, 2014.

[16] Markus Kottek: Effective climate classification according to Wladimir Peter Köppen (GIF, 143 kB) University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2009.

[17] The climate in Amrum . WetterKontor GmbH. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

[18] Amrum island climate (water temperatures) . Urlaubplanen.org. Retrieved July 11, 2017.

[19] Tanja Tillmann, Daniel Ziehe, Jürgen Wunderlich: Holocene landscape development on the west coast of the North Sea island of Amrum. (PDF) In: E & G Quaternary Science Journal Volume 62 / Number 2 / pp. 98–119. 2013, accessed July 18, 2017 . , after: Quedens, Georg: Amrum . 23rd edition. Breklum 2008, p. 9 .

[20] Marold, Edith., Zimmermann, Christiane .: North West Germanic . W. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-11-090769-8 , pp. 156 .

[21] Norbert Benecke: The Young Pleistocene and Holocene animal world of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Beier & Beran, Archäologische Fachliteratur, Weissbach 2000, ISBN 3-930036-39-8 , p. 92 .

[22] Georg Quedens: Amrum. Christian Jensen Verlag, Breklum 1971, DNB 999717413 .

[23] Nils Århammar: History of the North Frisians and the North Frisian . In: Volkert F. Faltings, Alastair GH Walker and Ommo Wilts (eds.): Frisian Studies II . Odense University Press, Odense 1995, ISBN 87-7838-059-6 , pp. 68/69 .

[24] Map by Johannes Steenstrup Administrative division of Denmark in the Middle Ages

[25] O. Nielsen (Ed.): Liber Census Daniæ - Kong Valdemar den andens jordbog. - Internet Archive . GEC Gads, København 1875, p. 33.

[26] Georg Quedens , Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 64.

[quedens65-27] A ^b Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard Stück, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 65.

[28] Volkert F. Faltings: The thing protocols of the Föhrer Westerharde. (PDF) accessed on October 12, 2015.

[29] Georg Quedens: Ship on the beach! Amrum beachfalls. 2nd Edition. Jens Quedens, Wittdün 2002, ISBN 3-924422-69-9 .

[30] Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum - landscape, history, nature. Jens Quedens, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 78.

[31] Georg Quedens: The seaside resort Amrum. 2nd Edition. Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 2006, ISBN 3-924422-79-6 .

[32] The population of the communities in Schleswig-Holstein 1867–1970 . State Statistical Office Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 1972, OCLC 164901245 , p. 96 f. and 104 f .

[33] Georg Quedens, Hans Hingst, Gerhard piece, Ommo Wilts: Amrum. Landscape, history, nature . Jens Quedens Verlag, Amrum 1991, ISBN 3-924422-24-9 , p. 285.

[Rheinheimer-34] Martin Rheinheimer: Der Kojenmann: Man and Nature in the Wadden Sea; 1860-1900 . Wachholtz, Neumünster 2007, ISBN 978-3-529-02776-5 , pp. 19 .

[Remde-35] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Friedrich Remde: Amrum: a contribution to the genesis and structure of an island settlement . Diss. Univ. Münster ,, Münster 1972. p. 80.

[ZSHG.2007-36] Journal of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History (ZSHG) . tape 132 , 2007, p. 81 .

[Wirtschaftsgeographie-37] Journal for Economic Geography . tape October 26 , 1982, p. 80 .

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[54] Georg Quedens : Amrum - From ancient times. Hansen & Hansen, Itzehoe without year, p. 35.

[55] Nebel war cemetery on Amrum - construction, maintenance and repair. Volksbund.de, accessed on July 18, 2017 .

[56] St. Clemens parish - Amrum. Retrieved July 18, 2017 .

[57] Norbert Fischer: Memorial Landscape North Sea Coast: Stagings of the maritime death. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Staging of the Coast (series of publications by the Isa Lohmann-Siems Foundation). Norbert Fischer, Susan Müller-Wusterwitz, Brigitta Schmidt-Lauber, March 2007, archived from the original on September 3, 2017 ; accessed on July 14, 2017 .

[58] Lübecker Nachrichten, Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany: Norddorf on Amrum - indoor swimming pool on Amrum gets a sperm whale - LN - Lübecker Nachrichten. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

[59] Sperm whale in the indoor pool . In: Wadden Sea National Park . November 14, 2016 ( nationalpark-wattenmeer.de [accessed July 14, 2017]).

[60] Amrum Nature Center - Maritur. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

[61] tch: In Wittdün: Home for plaice and beach crabs . In: The Island Messenger . April 1, 2016 ( shz.de [accessed July 14, 2017]).

[62] spection tour: National Park Information Center Wittdün - National Park Partner Schleswig-Holstein. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

[63] Oliver Schulz: Sand under . In: The time . August 25, 2005, ISSN 0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed July 14, 2017]).

[64] Georg Quedens: The »Panscho« castle - an Amrum attraction was lost! In: AmrumNews. April 26, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .

[65] Georg Quedens: Amrum. Christian Jensen Verlag, Breklum 1971, DNB 999717413 .

[66] Overview of all kindergartens working in Frisian in North Friesland. (PDF) Friesenrat, 2014, accessed on July 18, 2017 .

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Amrum
Aerial view of Amrum
Waters	North Sea
Archipelago	North Frisian Islands
Geographical location	54 ° 39 '6 " N , 8 ° 20' 11" E Coordinates: 54 ° 39 '6 " N , 8 ° 20' 11" E54.651666666667 8.3363888888889 32

length	10 km
width	2.5 km
surface	20.46 km²
Highest elevation	A Siatler 32 m
Residents	2279 (December 31, 2018) 111 inhabitants / km²
main place	fog