Öömrang
Öömrang (in German also Amrumer Frisian , Amring ) is a dialect of the North Frisian language that is spoken on the island of Amrum in the district of North Friesland . Together with the dialect Fering on the neighboring island of Föhr , Öömrang forms one of the ten main dialects of the North Frisian language, and it belongs to the island Frisian branch. Öömrang is spoken by around 600 people. All Öömrang speakers are at least bilingual, which means that they also have at least a command of standard German . Öömrang refers to the Frisian name for Amrum, Oomram .
Notation
For the Öömrang a Frisian standard orthography is mostly used today, which was established almost in the entire North Frisian language area after the Second World War . It follows different principles than the German or Dutch orthography. Short spoken vowels are written with a simple vowel (as in lun , land or the final e in infinitives ), long spoken vowels are represented by a doubled vowel (for example in skuul , school).
Lute
Vowels
A distinction is made in Öömrang vowels according to whether they occur in a stressed syllable or an unstressed syllable.
The following vowels appear in a stressed syllable:
- in short: a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü
- long: aa, ää, ee, ii, oo, öö, uu, üü
- Diphthongs : ia, ua, ai, ei, eu, ui, au
- Triphthong : uai
In unstressed syllable occur:
- e (a / o containing e), also spelled a in unstressed small words , as - ew like diphthong ao pronounced like hualew , half; i (e-containing i), ö (only in prefix för- , ver).
Consonants
The consonants occurring in Öömrang are listed below.
- b, ch, d, dj, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, nj, p, r, s, sj, t, tj, w
Here dj , nj , sj and tj are palatalized (that is, j-like softened) consonants. nj is pronounced like French / Italian gn . In modern Öömrang, sj is pronounced like sch in German, while tj sounds like the two ch in English church . The dj is the soft form of the tj . The former lj has been replaced by l .
The r is a rolled front tongue R (similar to Bavarian or Italian).
s is sharp in the wording, and partly voiced in the inside and out of the word. b / p , d / t and g / k are also clearly differentiated in the wording - unlike in German.
In stressed syllables (compare vowels), the ending w becomes a short u, as in leew , dear. The w turns some diphthongs into spoken triphthongs, like liaw , believe.
grammar
items
There is only one indefinite article : en , like en sark , a church.
There are also two types of specific articles : non- dental articles and dental articles . The dentalless article is called a , or before neuter nouns in the singular at , for example a preäster , the pastor, at hood , the head (but: uun't hood , in the head).
The dental article is analogously called di or det , like di ual maan , the (that) old man, det ual dör , the (that) old door. The dental article is used when the noun has already been mentioned.
After prepositions , the definite article, such as bi strun , is sometimes missing on the beach - an ancient feature of island North Frisian.
pronoun
Personal pronouns
In contrast to German, there is only one subject form and one object form of the personal pronoun .
Examples: ik , mi , me, me / me, dü , di , you, you / you, hi , ham , he, him / him
The personal pronouns are partially shortened: ik becomes 'k , dü becomes ' t , and so on.
The object form of the personal pronoun can be used as a reflexive pronoun in the third person : hi three ham am , he turns around.
possessive pronouns
The possessive pronoun there are two forms each. The a form precedes masculine nouns in the singular; otherwise the i -form is used: man , min , mein, dan , din , your, and so on. An example to distinguish the two forms: man maan , my husband, but min wüf , my wife.
In the plural there are also two forms that refer to whether a family or a larger community is meant: üüs jongen , our children, but üsens skuulmäster , our teacher.
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronoun is formed as in Danish : in the singular dihir , jühir , dethir , this, this, this, in the plural dönhir , this. Some of these forms are uncommon.
Interrogative pronouns
The interrogative pronouns are hoker? who, whom, whom? and hey? , whose?
relative pronoun
There is only one relative pronoun in use , wat , der, die, das. The form diar is out of date. If there is a preposition in front of the relative pronoun in German, then in Öömrang huar (actually: wo): det hüs, huar'er uun wenet , the house in which he lives.
Indefinite pronouns
Examples of indefinite pronouns are ham , man, hoker , somebody, hög , some (compare the interrogative pronouns), wat , something. The German word haben (r) is differentiated in Öömrang: uun arke hüs , in every house, but uun eder hun , in every hand. If there are two copies, as in the case of the hands, either one is used. eder corresponds to the English either (in either hand).
Nouns
The nouns only have one form in the singular and plural. The plural form of male nouns is formed by the suffix -er , such as aapel , aapler , Apfel, Äpfel. However, individual male plural forms are formed with -en , such as büür , büüren , Bauer, Bauern. Another rare form are plural forms formed with -s , such as naiber , naibers , neighbor, neighbors.
The plural of female nouns is always formed with -en ( hun , hunen , Huhn, Hühner). This also applies to most neuter nouns, with exceptions such as hüs , hüseng , house, houses.
Adjectives
Usually the basic form of the adjective is used. If the adjective is between an indefinite article and a masculine noun, -en is added. Examples: an aarm wüf , a poor woman, and di aarm maan , the poor man, but an aarmen maan , a poor man.
Verbs
infinitive
In contrast to most other Germanic languages, the verbs have two infinitive forms . The infinitive I comes after auxiliary verbs and usually ends on the unstressed -i , or it is endless. The infinitive II comes after tu , zu, and is formed by adding -n or -en : swaari , answer, am tu swaarin , to answer. The retention of both West Germanic infinitives can also be found in Eastern Alemannic and southern Low German . (see also gerund )
Present
The present tense corresponds to the infinitive I. Exceptions are the second and third person singular, which usually end in -est or -et . The imperative singular is also formed with the form of the infinitive I: ik swaari , dü swaarest , hi swaaret , wi swaari (I, you, he, we answer) and so on, as well as: Swaari! , Answer! The plural form of the imperative is formed by adding -m or -em , such as Swaarim! , Answer!
preterite
The forms of the past tense are the same except for the second person singular.
Weakly conjugated verbs ending in -i
In weak verbs with the ending -i, the participle form is also identical to the simple past tense: ik swaaret , dü swaarest , hi swaaret , ich, du, he answered, and ik haa swaaret , I answered.
Weakly conjugated verbs with an endless basic form
The past tense and participle form are the same here. There are two cases here:
- regular inflection, that is, the stem vowel remains unchanged:
- swääm , swäämt , swäämd , swim, (he) swims, (he) swam / (he has) swum,
- rik , rikt , rikt , smoke, (he) smokes, (he) smokes / (he has) smoked
- saat , saat , saat , set, (he) sets, (he) set / (he has) set
- the irregular inflection, that is, the stem vowel changes:
- sai , sait , saad , say, (he) says, (he) said / (he) said
- bring , bring , broocht , bring, (he) brings, (he) brought / (he has) brought
Strongly conjugated verbs
These verbs differ from the past tense and the participle form. There are a total of seven classes of strongly inflected verbs, of which classes four to six are merged in Öömrang . The assignment to a class is based on the type of ablaute in the different times. Another group contains verbs that cannot be assigned to one of the classes.
- 1st Class
- bitj , bat , bääd , beden , bite, (he) bites, (he) bit, (he) bit
- 2nd Class
- sur fa , braided , floog , flaanj , flying, (he) flies, (he) flew (he is) flown
- 3rd grade
- finj , fant , foon , fünjen , find, (he) finds, (he) found, (he has) found
- 4th to 6th grade
- kem , komt , kaam , kimen , come, (he) comes, (he) came, (he) came
- 7th grade
- luup , läpt , lep , lepen , run, (he) runs, (he) ran, (he) ran
- More strongly inflected verbs
- sa , sjocht , SIIG , sen , see (he) sees, saw (it), (he has) seen
Modal auxiliary verbs
The modal auxiliary verbs are inflected according to a different scheme:
- mei , mai , meest , mai , maad , maaden , like, (I) like, (you) like, (he) like, (he) liked, (he) liked
vocabulary
The spoken Öömrang can hardly be understood by non- Öömrang speakers. The vocabulary is reminiscent of Low German, English, Jutish-Danish or Dutch words or has roots in Germanic ancestral languages.
Examples of linguistic relationships
- English
- Wäärnsdai , Wednesday, efter , after, tus , tooth, kai , key
- German (Low German), but the previous German meaning retained
- bian , bone (but also: leg), frinjskap , kinship, tu höw gung , go to church
- Jutish-Danish, Low German or Dutch
- foomen , girl, kleeb , kiss, jonk , dark, trinj , round, ial , fire
- Jutish-Danish
- dring , boy, jul , christmas, bradlep , wedding
- Low German
- boowen , up, snaaki , speak, dörnsk , living room (originally Slavic )
- Dutch
- eilun , island, kop , cup, klöör , color
- Words with no equivalents in other languages
- gratem , loud, stirmi , smell, aran , at home
- New creations
- After the Second World War there were attempts to translate modern German word creations into Öömrang . For “car” romelwaanj (roughly: junk car) was suggested, for “television set” widjluker (roughly: television). These terms have not been able to assert themselves and instead, German foreign words are used today in Öömrang as well as for other modern terms.
Numerals
Important or conspicuous cardinal numbers are: ään (male), otherwise ian , one, tau , two, trii , three, sjauer , four, fiiw , five, sääks , six, sööwen , seven, aacht , eight, njügen , nine, tjiin , ten, Elwen , eleven, twaalew , twelve, trataanj , thirteen, twunteg , twenty, ianantwunteg , twenty one, dörteg , thirty, föfteg , fifty, tachenteg , eighty, Hunert hundred, düüsen thousand.
Language example
Text of a verse of a home song (identical to the text on the photo) with German translation:
Dü min tüs min öömrang lun,
marvel at leewen mei din aard!
Wat a feeder over ferareft,
let the roof go, that stareft!
Jääw wi't ap, det wiar en skun,
leew haa'k di, min öömrang lun (2x).
You my home, my Amrumer country,
your earth should always exist!
What the fathers bequeath to us
let's see that this doesn't die!
If we gave it up that would be a shame
I love you, my Amrumer Land (2x).Promotion and publications
There are some publications on Öömrang, such as a collection of plays and translations from other languages. In the 1970s the magazine Fering-öömrang Breipot appeared with articles in Fering and Öömrang. Occasionally articles appear on Öömrang in the daily newspaper Der Insel-Bote , which appears in Wyk auf Föhr . The Öömrang Ferian if committed to the protection and promotion of Amrumer language.
literature
- Nils Århammar : The Amring language. The Amringer literature from Margot and Nico Hansen (editor): Amrum - history and shape of an island . Verlag Hansen & Hansen, Itzehoe 1969, without ISBN, special print n.d.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Nils Århammar : The Amringer language - The Amringer literature. Special print from: Margot and Nico Hansen (eds.): Amrum - history and shape of an island. 2nd Edition. Verlag Hansen & Hansen, Itzehoe-Münsterdorf 1969, p. 15.