Fuzūlī

Fuzūlī

Muhammad ibn Sulaimān Fuzūlī (محمد بن سليمان فضولى, DMG Muḥammad b. Sulaimān Fużūlī , also: Fuzuli, Fusuli, Füzuli ; * around 1480 in Iraq ; † 1556 in Karbala ) was a poet in Iraq who wrote his works in three languages: Azerbaijani (his mother tongue ), Persian and Arabic . He is considered one of the most outstanding poets of classical Azerbaijani-Turkish literature and is regarded by the Alevis as one of the seven great poets (tr: Yedi Ulu Ozan ).

Life

Little is known about Fuzūlī's life except what is recorded in his works. The cities of Karbala, Hilla , Baghdad , Nadschaf , Kirkuk , Manzil or Hit are given as the place of birth . He was one of the now sedentary Turkmen Oghuz tribe Bayat on.

He came from an educated Shiite family and enjoyed an extensive education. He received the titles Molla and Mawlānā , which made clear his level of education. Fuzūlī spoke the standard languages ​​of his region, he dealt with science and mysticism. However, as far as one can tell, his life was unhappy. During his youth, Iraq was ruled by the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu . 1508 first conquered Safavid ruler Shah Ismail Baghdad and overthrew the Ag Qoyunlu. As a well-known man of letters, Fuzūlī enjoyed the protection of the Safavids. In 1534 the Ottomans conquered Iraq under Sultan Suleyman I. During this campaign, Fuzūlī is said to have met the famous Ottoman court poet Hayâlî (1500? –1557). As before, Fuzūlī dedicated poems to Shah Ismail to the new rulers. In addition to the sultan, he also wrote poems to the governors in power in Baghdad. Although he wrote from distant places like Anatolia, India and Tabriz and wanted to visit them, he stayed in Iraq all his life. He died during a plague epidemic around 1556 and was buried in Karbala. The Füzuli Rayon (district) in southern Azerbaijan on the Iranian border was named after him.

Literary work

Muhammad chose the pseudonym Fuzūlī for himself , which means both “unsuitable” and, as the plural of faḍl , “of great value”. Fuzūlī is one of the most important Turkish-speaking poets of his time, he also wrote prose in Arabic and Persian, although he could not compete with other Persian-speaking poets. In addition to praising religious and political authorities, his verses deal with unfulfilled love. This form of love poetry is also known as ghazal called

Double verses like this are typical of Fuzūlī's poetry:

Gər mən mən isəm, nəsən sən, ey yar? Vər sən sən isən, nəyəm məni-zar?

So I am who you, oh adornment? And are you you, am I desire?

His best-known work to this day is Leylâ ve Mecnun , a version by Leila and Majnun . A German translation of Fuzūlī's works does not yet exist. Post-poetry can be found in Hans Bethge's “Das Türkische Liederbuch” (post-poetry of Turkish poetry).

Works

Fuzūlī wrote around 15 works. The allocation of another four works is doubtful.

In Azerbaijani

• Dîvân
• Beng ü Bâde (بنگ و باده / 'Hashish and Wine'), dedicated to Shah Ismail
• Hadîkat üs-Süedâ (حديقة السعداء / 'The garden of needs')
• Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn (داستان ليلى و مجنون / 'The Epic of Leylâ and Mecnun')
• Şikâyetnâme (شکایتنامه / 'The Complaint'), a letter of complaint to the Ottoman Sultan

In Persian

• Dîvân
• Anîs ol-qalb (انيس القلب / 'The friend of the heart')
• Haft Jâm (هﻔﺖ جام / 'The seven cups')
• Rend va Zâhed (رند و زاهد / 'Hedonist and Ascetic')
• Sehhat o Ma'ruz (ﺹحت و ﻡﻌﺮوض / ,Health and sickness')

In Persian and Azerbaijani

• Resâle-e Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات / 'A Treatise on Riddles')

In Arabic

• Dîvân
• Matla 'ul-İ'tiqâd (ﻡﻄﻠﻊ الاﻋﺘﻘﺎد / 'The Birth of Faith')

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Peter Rollberg. The modern encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet literature (including Non-Russian and Emigre literatures) / Edited by Harry B. Weber. - Academic International Press, 1987. - Volume 8. - Page 76.

   In Mesopotamia Fuzuli was in intimate contact with three cultures - Turkic, Arabic, and Persian. Besides his native Azeri , he learned Arabic and Persian at an early age and acquired a through command of the literatures in all three languages, an accomplishment in wich the cosmopolitan literary and scholarly circles of Hilla played an important role.

2. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica "Turkish poet and the most outstanding figure in the classical school of Turkish literature"
3. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica "... widely regarded as the greatest lyric poet in Azerbayjani Turkish ..."
4. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica "Fożūlī had his roots in the Bayāt tribe, one of the Oḡuz (Turkman) tribes settled in Iraq"

Web links

Commons : Fuzūlī  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Fuzūlī in the catalog of the German National Library
• Mehmed bin Süleyman Fuzuli , Encyclopædia Britannica article , 2009. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica Online on September 6, 2009.