Bayat

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The sign of the Bayat according to Mahmud al-Kāshgharī

The Bayat were an important Oghuz tribe from which some dynasties such as B. the Dulkadir and the Qajars emerged . In addition, the poet Fuzūlī belonged to the Bayat. According to Faruk Sümer , the legendary figure of Dede Korkut was also from the Bayat tribe.

Mahmud al-Kāschgharī mentioned them under the name Bayat as one of the 24 Oghuz tribes in his work "Collection of the Languages ​​of the Turks" ( dīwān lughāt at-turk ). As a totem animal they had a buzzard . Their tribal name means in Old Turkish, among other things , with a state or wealthy .

The Bayat came to Anatolia and the Middle East from Central Asia with the Seljuks in the 11th century . Some groups of the Bayat also settled in northern Iraq and in southern Azerbaijan , where they make up an important part of the Turkmen of the Near East . Their focus in Anatolia was the west, where they settled near Konya, Bursa , Afyon , Balıkesir and Kütahya.

Toponyms with the Bayat component document the settlement history of the tribe. There are 32 of these places in Anatolia, a few in Iran, five in Azerbaijan, four in Turkmenistan and one in Uzbekistan .

history

Much of the Bayat arrived in Iran in the first half of the 11th century. Ibn al-Athīr mentions in 1119 a Seljuk commander named Sonqor Bayati near Basra in southern Iraq and a Bayat castle in Lorestan . Sections of the Bayat who remained in Central Asia were among the rebels who captured the Seljuk ruler Ahmad Sandjar in 1153 . But in the 13th century these fled with the other Oghusen from the Mongols to the west. In the 14th century the Bayat are mentioned together with the Afshar and the Begdili in the area of ​​northern Syria and southeastern Anatolia , where they were involved in the formation of the Dulkadir dynasty. Another part of the Bayat near Antep and Aleppo later joined the Aq Qoyunlu . In the 16th century, the Bayat tribe was scattered over a large area from western Anatolia through Syria and Iraq to eastern Iran. Over time, the Bayat's power declined as other Oghus tribes rose. According to Ottoman tax registers, one can distinguish between four groups of Bayat: The group around Antep and Aleppo, some of which then migrated to Damascus , Hama and Tripoli , and a group near Diyarbakır . The third group of the Bayat (Şam Bayadı) was the most significant. As the name Şam suggests, they came from Syria as part of the Dulkadir and settled near Gedük in Yozgat , where they were known as Boz Ok. These Boz Ok converted to Shiite Islam and joined the Safavids of Iran. Other Şam Bayadı settled from 1613 near Malatya , Amasya , Ankara , Maraş and further away in Kütahya and Antalya . The fourth group of Iraqi Bayats lived in 13 clans near Kirkuk , where some still follow their traditional way of life.

In the later history of Iran, the Bayat also had an influence, because they belonged to those Turkish tribes who made it possible for the Safavids to take power. Under their ruler Shah Tahmasp I were the governors of Hamadan and other border regions of the Bayat. Under Shah Abbas I , some Bayat settled in Azerbaijan. Although smaller than the Kizilbash tribes , the Bayat held many political positions within Safavid rule. They provided governors in other parts of Iran outside of their traditional settlement areas and, like Hosayn Ali Beg, envoys in Spain. All of these bayat came from the group of white bayat (Āq bayāt). The second group of the black Bayat (Qara Bayat) lived in Khorasan near Nishapur . This is where Nadir Shah and the Afsharids later became the governor of the city.

In addition to these two large Bayat groups, there was the Bayāt-e Šām / Bayāt-e Qājār who arrived in Iran with the Aq Qoyunlu. From the 16th century they lived in northern Iran near Gəncə and Bərdə . These Bayat made up part of the Qajars who took power in Iran in the 18th century.

annotation

  1. ↑ aš-Šām was a name for Syria

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