Galaxy (satellite)
Galaxy is the name for a fleet of communications satellites owned by the satellite operator Intelsat .
The satellites are originally from Hughes Communications, but were first taken over by PanAmSat and have been operated by PanAmSat since the merger with Intelsat. Galaxy 1, the first satellite, was launched by NASA on June 28, 1983 with a Delta 170 rocket . In 1992, after nine years, it was replaced by the Galaxy 5 as planned. There are currently 16 Galaxy satellites in space, including five Intelsat Americas satellites, which were added to the Galaxy range on February 1, 2007. The most recently launched satellite is Galaxy 19, which entered orbit on September 24, 2008 (with a Zenit 3SL rocket ).
List of Galaxy satellites
Surname | Another name | Start date ( UTC ) | Launcher | Launch site | Satellite bus | position | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galaxy 1 | 06/28/1983 | Delta-3920 / PAM-D | CC LC-17B | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 141 ° East | Out of service | |
Galaxy 1R | 08/22/1992 | Atlas-I | CC LC-36B | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | - | False start | |
Galaxy 1R2 | 02/19/1994 | Delta II 7925-8 | CC LC-17B | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 105 ° west | Out of service | |
Galaxy 2 | 09/22/1983 | Delta-3920 / PAM-D | CC LC-17A | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 43 ° East | Out of service | |
Galaxy 3 | 09/21/1984 | Delta-3920 / PAM-D | CC LC-17B | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 38 ° East | Out of service | |
Galaxy 3C | PAS-9, Galaxy 13 | 06/15/2002, 10:39 pm | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | BSS-702 ( Boeing ) | 95 ° west | |
Galaxy 3R | Anik E2R | 12/15/1995 | Atlas IIA | CC LC-36A | HS-601 ( Hughes ) | 129 ° west | Out of service |
Galaxy 4 | HGS-4 | 06/25/1993 | Ariane-42P H10 + | CSG ELA-2 | HS-601 ( Hughes ) | 78 ° East | Out of service |
Galaxy 4R | 04/19/2000, 12:29 AM | Ariane 42L H10-3 | CSG ELA-2 | HS-601HP ( Hughes ) | 164 ° East | Out of service | |
Galaxy 5 | March 14, 1992, 5:32 pm | Atlas-I | CC LC-36B | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 176 ° East | Out of service | |
Galaxy 6 | Westar 6S | October 12, 1990 | Ariane-44L H10 | CSG ELA-2 | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 145 ° west | Out of service |
Galaxy 7 | 10/28/1992 | Ariane-42P H10 + | CSG ELA-2 | HS-601 ( Hughes ) | 96 ° west | Out of service | |
Galaxy 8i | December 8, 1997 | Atlas IIAS | CC LC-36B |
HS-601HP ( Hughes ), BSS-601HP ( Boeing ) |
30 ° East | Out of service | |
Galaxy 8iR | SES-7, ProtoStar 2, Indostar 2 | canceled | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey |
HS-601HP ( Hughes ), BSS-601HP ( Boeing ) |
- | Converted to ProtoStar 2 |
Galaxy 9 | 05/24/1996 , 01:09 | Delta II 7925 | CC LC-17B | HS-376 ( Hughes ) | 176 ° west | Out of service | |
Galaxy 10R | 25.01.2000, 01:04 | Ariane 42L H10-3 | CSG ELA-2 | HS-601HP ( Hughes ) | 175 ° west | Out of service | |
Galaxy 11 | 12/22/1999, 12:50 AM | Ariane 44L H10-3 | CSG ELA-2 | BSS-702 ( Boeing ) | 44 ° East | ||
Galaxy 12 | 04/09/2003, 22:52 | Ariane 5G | CSG ELA-3 | STAR-2 ( Orbital ATK ) | 129 ° west | ||
Galaxy 13 / Horizons 1 | 01.10.2003, 04:02 | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | BSS-601HP ( Boeing ) | 127 ° West | ||
Galaxy 14 | Galaxy 5R | 13/08/2005, 23:28 | Soyuz-FG / Fregat | Ba 31/6 | STAR-2 ( Orbital ATK ) | 125 ° west | |
Galaxy 15 | Galaxy 1RR | 13.10.2005, 22:32 | Ariane 5GS | CSG ELA-3 | STAR-2 ( Orbital ATK ) | 133 ° west | For flight information see here |
Galaxy 16 | 06/18/2006 , 7:50 am | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 99 ° west | ||
Galaxy 17 | 04.05.2007, 22:29 | Ariane-5 ECA | CSG ELA-3 | SB-3000B3 ( Alcatel Alenia ) | 91 ° west | ||
Galaxy 18 | May 21, 2008 , 9:43 am | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 123 ° west | ||
Galaxy 19 | IA-9 | 09/24/2008, 9:28 am | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 97 ° west | |
Galaxy 23 | Telstar 13, IA-13, EchoStar-9 | 08.08.2003, 03:30 | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 121 ° West | |
Galaxy 25 | Telstar 5, IA-5 | May 24, 1997, 5:00 p.m. | Proton-K / Blok-DM4 | Ba 81/23 | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 93 ° west | |
Galaxy 26 | Telstar 6, IA-6 | 02/15/1999, 05:12 | Proton-K / Blok-DM3 | Ba 81/23 | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 31 ° west | Out of service |
Galaxy 27 | Telstar 7, IA-7 | 09/25/1999, 6:29 am | Ariane 44LP H10-3 | CSG ELA-2 | SSL-1300 ( SS / Loral ) | 109 ° East | Out of service |
Galaxy 28 | Telstar 8, IA-8 | June 23, 2005 , 2:03 pm | Zenit-3 SL | SL Odyssey | SSL-1300S ( SS / Loral ) | 89 ° west | |
Galaxy 30 | 08/15/2020, 22:04 | Ariane 5 ECA | CSG ELA-3 | GEOStar-2.4E ( Orbital Sciences Corporation ) | 125 ° West (planned) |
Individual evidence :
Problems with Galaxy 15
In April 2010, the Galaxy 15 satellite left its position and uncontrollably drifted almost 0.2 ° per day along the equator to the east. However, the transmitters of its transponders and the attitude control were still active, so that interference with other satellites transmitting in the C-band , which Galaxy 15 drifted past, was feared. This was prevented by evasive maneuvers by the affected satellites.
Intelsat hoped that the Galaxy 15's position control would fail between November 28 and December 29, 2010 when the reaction wheels reached their maximum speed. On December 17, 2010, Intelsat announced that the solar cells are no longer optimally aligned with the sun and that Galaxy 15 has switched off its transponders due to the lack of electricity. When the sun shone on the solar cells again on December 23, 2010 , the on-board systems restarted as expected and the satellite could be brought back under control.
First he was brought to the position 93 ° West and examined there. After passing the tests, he was brought to the position 133 ° West and put back into service there.
According to the first results of the investigation, it is said to have been software errors caused by static electricity.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Galaxy (satellite) in the NSSDCA Master Catalog (English)
- ↑ Intelsat: Satellite Coverage Maps (English)
- ↑ Galaxy in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Galaxy 15 'zombiesat' still alive after expected off date. Spaceflight Now, September 15, 2010, accessed October 8, 2010 .
- ↑ Galaxy 15 status update. Intelsat, archived from the original on October 8, 2010 ; accessed on October 8, 2010 (English).
- ↑ Thomas Weyrauch: Galaxy 15 communication payload is silent. raumfahrer.net, December 25, 2010, accessed on December 29, 2010 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Engineers back in contact with Galaxy 15. Spaceflight Now, December 31, 2010, accessed January 1, 2011 .
- ^ Brian Weeden: A Summary of the Galaxy 15 Incident and its Impact on Space Sustainability. (PDF) Secure World Foundation, February 15, 2011, p. 8 , accessed on August 14, 2020 .
- ↑ Intelsat: Galaxy 15 at 133 ° W. Accessed on August 14, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Build-up of static electricity turned satellite into zombie. Spaceflight Now, January 14, 2010, accessed January 28, 2011 .