Closed games
The Closed Games are a group of openings in the game of chess . This group includes all openings that do not begin with 1. e2 – e4. Its name is derived from the fact that line openings usually occur less often and later than in open games and semi-open games . In the ECO codes , the closed games are classified under the keys A00 to A99 and D00 to E99. By far the most frequently played openings in this group begin with move 1. d2 – d4.
background
The closed games form the largest of the three groups among the chess openings. Starting with the move 1. d2 – d4, a large number of openings have formed with the closed games, some of which are far from the "well-trodden" paths of the open games . The closed games only became popular at the end of the 19th century. The emergence of these openings, some of which were quite unusual at the time, is primarily due to the very courageous and attractive players of the time .
The finer distinction between “closed games” (only 1. d2 – d4 d7 – d5) and “semi-closed games” (other answers to 1. d2 – d4), which is common in English chess literature , has not caught on in German.
Openings
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The Queen's Gambit (1st d2 – d4 d7 – d5 2nd c2 – c4)
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The Indian Defense (1. d2 – d4 Ng8 – f6 2. c2 – c4)
- 1. d2 – d4 This move is used in less than half of all games and is therefore tied with 1. e2 – e4. Both occupy part of the center , which is considered cheap. It is particularly advantageous to occupy the d4 and e4 squares with pawns at the same time. Black's most important answers therefore prevent 2. e2 – e4. An important advantage of 1. d2 – d4 compared to 1. e2 – e4 is that the d4 pawn is defended by the queen on d1 and counterattacks by Black on d4 are therefore weaker than counterattacks on the e4 pawn (after 1. e2 – e4 ). In most variations White plays 2. c2 – c4, which increases the influence on the important center square d5 and opens the diagonal d1 – a4 for the queen. If Black moves his d-pawn, tactics that include the move Qd1 – a4 + are possible. If Black moves the bishop c8 early, Qd1 – b3 with an attack on the then undefended pawn b7 is often a good answer.
- 1.… d7 – d5. Prevents 2. e2 – e4.
- 2. c2 – c4 Queen's Gambit : One of the most popular sequels with numerous variations. Black can capture the unprotected c4 pawn, but thereby surrenders the center and White can also recapture the pawn. Despite the name, it is not a real gambit (pawn sacrifice).
- 2. Ng1 – f3 Ng8 – f6 3. c2 – c4 is also part of the Queen's Gambit
- All other moves are counted among the queen pawn games.
- 1.… Ng8 – f6 The knight covers the e4-square and also prevents 2. e2 – e4.
- 2. c2 – c4 leads to the also very popular Indian defenses .
- 2. Bc1 – g5 Trompowsky opening
- 2. Nb1 – c3 d7 – d5 3. Bc1 – g5 Weressow opening
- 1.… c7 – c5 2. d4 – d5 Old Benoni defense
- 1.… e7 – e5 Englund gambit
- 1.… Nb8 – c6 Bogolyubov defense
- 1.… f7 – f5 Dutch defense
- 1.… e7 – e6 is a very flexible move and can lead to many openings by rearranging moves . 2. e2 – e4, for example, leads to the French Defense (usually reached over 1. e2 – e4). 2. c2 – c4 leads to the Queen's Gambit after 2.… d7 – d5 and after 2.… Ng8 – f6 to the Indian defenses. 2. c2 – c4 Bf8 – b4 +, the kangaroo defense, has an independent meaning
- 1.… d7 – d5. Prevents 2. e2 – e4.
- 1. f2 – f4 Bird opening
- 1. c2 – c4 English opening
- 1. Ng1 – f3 d7 – d5 2. c2 – c4 Réti opening
- Hippopotamus opening : Is characterized by a certain black structure
- King's Indian attack Is characterized by the following structure of White: Nf3 / g3 / Bg2 / d3 / 0-0
- Less popular white openings are classified as " irregular openings ". The Larsen system has a certain meaning (1. b2 – b3).