Eyelashed earth star
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Eyelashed Earth Star ( Geastrum fimbriatum ) |
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The eyelashed earth star or fringed earth star ( Geastrum fimbriatum , syn. Gastrum sessile ) is an inedible type of mushroom from the family of earth star relatives . It is a fairly small to medium-sized earth star with heavily split star lobes. The vertex opening is fringed to eyelashes and the spore sac is sessile. The fruiting bodies appear in the deciduous and coniferous forest from September to October.
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting bodies are 2–8 cm wide and up to 5 cm high. Young fruiting bodies are spherical and reddish brown in color. They develop underground. When ripe, the outer shell ( exoperidia ) tears open in a star shape and bends outward. This lifts the fruiting body out of the ground and gives it a typical star-like shape. The exoperidia then consists of 5–10 star-shaped, pale gray-brown to cream-colored lobes that soon curl up.
The endoperidia , i.e. the envelope that surrounds the inner sphere (spore sac), is sessile and sits directly on the outer envelope. It is pale brown to creamy beige in color. At the top of the spore sac there is a small, fringed ciliate opening, which is called a peristome . The light brown colored spores can escape through this slightly conical protruding opening . The peristome has no halo in the eyelashed earth star.
Microscopic features
The round, fine black spores have a diameter of 3 to 4 µm.
Species delimitation
The eyelashed earth star has a very typical appearance due to the sessile spore sac ( endoperidia ) and the multi-lobed, strongly curved star lobes (exoperidia). Smaller, not fully developed specimens of the frill earth star ( G. triplex ) may look similar. The outside of their mostly thicker fleshy star lobes, which is inside after being bent back, is only slightly glued to earth particles, unlike the eyelashed earth star. In addition, the vertex opening ( peristome ) of the frill earth star is often surrounded by a clearly defined halo.
The crested earth star ( G. pectinatum ), which also likes to grow in the spruce forest, has a stalked spore sac that is usually wrinkled radially at the base. Its apex opening is bordered like a gland by a grooved cone.
Ecology and phenology
The fruiting bodies appear solitary or gregarious from April to November, but mostly between September and October. The earth star grows in both deciduous and coniferous forests. It is often found in the litter of coniferous forests, especially under spruce trees. But it also occurs on forest paths, in bushes, on railroad embankments or in parks and cemeteries. The fungus is soil-vague, but prefers basic soils.
distribution
The eyelashed earth star is distributed almost worldwide. It occurs in North America (Canada, Mexico, USA), Central America (Ecuador), South America (Bolivia, Venezuela, Argentina), Asia (Japan, North Korea, South Korea), Australia, New Zealand and Europe.
It is common throughout Western and Central Europe, but not common. It can occasionally be common only in limestone areas. In the south it is distributed from Portugal and Spain in the west to Romania and Ukraine in the southeast. In Bulgaria the earth star is widespread and occurs in the Danube lowlands and on the Black Sea coast, but also in the mountains. In the north, the earth star is widespread throughout Fennoscandinavia . In Norway it is distributed up to the 69th, in Sweden up to the 67th parallel.
In Germany, the eyelashed earth star is widespread, but not common. Even so, it is still the most common earth star. In the Alpine countries (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria) it is common to fairly common.
meaning
As with all earth stars, at least the ripe fruiting body of the eyelashed earth star is inedible.
swell
- Paul Kirk: Geastrum fimbriatum. In: Species Fungorum. Retrieved December 9, 2013 .
- Geastrum fimbriatum. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed December 9, 2013 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Ewald Gerhardt: Röhrlinge, Porlinge, Bauchpilze, hose mushrooms and others . In: mushrooms. Spectrum of nature, BLV intensive guide . tape 2 . BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1985, ISBN 3-405-12965-6 , p. 207 .
- ^ A b Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 .
- ↑ Karin Montag: Eyelashed Earth Star Geastrum fimbriatum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved December 9, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 302 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
- ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c Worldwide distribution of Geastrum fimbriatum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved December 9, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
- ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed December 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Geastrum fimbriatum. Pilzoek database, accessed December 9, 2013 .
- ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Geastrum fimbriatum. Fungi of Ukraine. In: cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Retrieved December 9, 2013 .
Web links
- Geastrum fimbriatum. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved December 9, 2013 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Gewimperten Erdstern).
- Rudolf Markones: Geastrum fimbriatum. In: Rudis Pilzgalerie / pilzseite.de. Retrieved December 9, 2013 .
- Wolfgang Bachmeier: Eyelashed Earth Star (Geastrum fimbriatum). In: 123pilze.de / pilzseite.de. Retrieved December 9, 2013 .