North Borneo Dispute

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • The territory within the boundaries of 1878 - from Sungai Pandassan on the northwest coast to Sungai Sibuko in the south.
  • (Left) The first agreement of December 29, 1877 signed by Abdul Momin, Sultan of Brunei, in which he appoints Baron von Overbeck as Maharaja of Sabah, Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan .
    (Right) The second agreement of January 22, 1878, signed by Sultan Jamalalulazam of Sulu, in which the latter appoints Baron von Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja von Sandakan.

    The North Borneo Disput (also Sabah Disput ) describes the territorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines over much of the eastern part of Sabah . Before joining the Malaya Federation, Sabah operated as " North Borneo ". For its part, the Philippines see themselves as the successor state to the Sultanate of Sulu and insist on a "dormant claim" to Sabah on the grounds that the territory was only leased to the North Borneo Chartered Company in 1878 , while the sovereign rights of the Sultanate (and thus those of the Philippines) have never been abandoned over the area. In contrast, Malaysia regards this dispute as a "vain matter", since it interprets the agreement from 1878 as an assignment and points out that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they voted for Sabah to join the Malaya Federation in 1963.

    Agreement from 1878

    On January 22, 1878, the Sultanate of Sulu and the British Trade Syndicate, under Alfred Dent and Baron von Overbeck, signed an agreement that provided that British North Borneo would be ceded or leased to the British Syndicate for an annual sum of 5,000 Straits dollars - each depending on which translation was used for the document written in Jawi.

    British reading of the Jawi version : Filipino reading of the Jawi version:
    ... hereby grant and cede of our own free and sovereign will to Gustavus Baron de Overbeck of Hong Kong and Alfred Dent Esquire of London ... and assigns for ever and in perpetuity all the rights and powers belonging to us over all the territories and lands being tritutary to us on the mainland of the island of Borneo commencing from the Pandassan River on the north-west coast and extending along the whole east coast as far as the Sibuco River in the south and comprising amongst other the States of Paitan, Sugut, Bangaya, Labuk, Sandakan, Kina Batangan, Mumiang, and all the other territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco river with all the islands within three marine leagues of the coast. ... do hereby lease of our own freewill and satisfaction to ... all the territories and lands being tributary to [us] together with their heirs, associates, successors and assigns forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers which we possess over all territories and lands tributary to us on the mainland of the Island of Borneo, commencing from the Pandassan River on the west coast to Maludu Bay, and extending along the whole east coast as far as Sibuco River on the south, .. ., and all the other territories and states to the southward thereof bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuco River ... [9 nautical miles] of the coast.

    The key word in the Jawi version of the agreement is padjak , a Malay term translated as arrendamiento and lease by both Spanish linguists in 1878 and by American anthropologists H. Otley Beyer and Harold Conklin in 1946 . The British, in turn, refer to the interpretation of the historian Najeeb Mitry Saleeby from 1908 and William George Maxwell and William Summer Gibson from 1924, who translate the term as grant and cede (transfer of rights and assignment). However, one can also argue that the contemporary Sulu meaning of padjak means "pledging" or "pledging" or even "wholesaling".

    On April 22, 1903, Sultan Jamalul Kiram signed a document entitled "Confirmation of cession of certain islands" in which he chartered the rights to other islands near the mainland of North Borneo between Pulau Banggi and Sibuku Bay to North Borneo Company resigned.

    The confirmation deed of 1903 agreed between the two parties that the islands mentioned therein would be included in the agreement of January 22, 1878. In addition, an additional $ 300 in assignment fees are due annually , which adds up to $ 3,200 for the previous use. The previous sum of 5,000 dollars increased to the annual sum of 5,300 dollars.

    The Malaysian Embassy in the Philippines presents a check for 5,300 ringgit ( US $ 1,710 or approximately 77,000 Philippine pesos ) annually to the legal counsel of the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu. Malaysia regards the sum as the annual levy for the cession of the land while the descendants of the Sultan regard it as "rent".

    Sulu's already mentioned claim is based on the agreement signed by Sultan Jamalalulayam of Sulu, which Baron von Overbeck elevated to Dato Bendahara and Raja of Sandakan on January 22, 1878 . However, there is another agreement previously signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei that appointed Baron von Overbeck Maharaja of Sabah, Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan and dated December 29, 1877 and gave him the rights to the territories from Paitan up transferred to the Sungai Sibuko, which overlap with the claims of the Sultanate of Sulu. In 1877, the Sultanate of Brunei also took the external view that this territory was still under the control of the Sultanate of Brunei.

    Madrid Protocol

    As confirmed by the International Court of Justice in The Hague , the Sultan of Sulu renounced all sovereign rights in his possessions in favor of Spain in the peace and surrender document signed by him and Spain on July 22, 1878 in Jolo.

    In 1885, Great Britain , Germany and Spain signed the Madrid Protocol , which established Spain's sovereign rights over the Philippines. In the same agreement, Spain waived, in favor of Great Britain, all claims to North Borneo that were previously attributable to the Sultanate:

    "The Spanish Government renounces, as far as regards the British Government, all claims of sovereignty over the territories of the continent of Borneo, which belong, or which have belonged in the past to the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo), and which comprise the neighboring islands of Balambangan, Banguey, and Malawali, as well as all those comprised within a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast, and which form part of the territories administered by the Company styled the 'British North Borneo Company'. "

    As far as the British Government is concerned, the Spanish Government renounces all sovereignty claims over the territories on Borneo which belong to the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo) or which have belonged in the past and which include the neighboring islands of Balambang, Banguey and Malawali form part of the territory administered by the company known as the British North Borneo Company. "

    - Madrid Protocol (1885) , Article III

    Macaskie ruling of 1939

    Jamalul Kiram II, Sultan of Sulu, died childless in June 1936. In 1939, Dayang Dayang Hadji Piandao and eight other heirs filed a civil lawsuit concerning claims to cession money . North Borneo Supreme Court Justice CFC Macaskie ruled on the shares each plaintiff is entitled to.

    This ruling has often been cited by supporters of Sulu's claim as evidence that North Borneo had affirmed the sultan's ownership rights to the disputed territory. However, they do not take into account that the judgment only served to clarify who is entitled to the 5,300 Malaysian ringgit "transfer money" annually.

    Claim of the Philippines

    Sultan of Sulu with retinue

    The Sultanate of Sulu received the rights to the northeastern part of the territory as a reward for military assistance against the enemies of the Sultan of Brunei and from that point on this part of Borneo was considered part of the territory of Sulu.

    As a result of the peace and surrender treaty that the Sultanate of Sulu signed in Jolo on July 22, 1878, the Sultan of Sulu renounced his sovereign rights over his possessions in favor of Spain. In 1885, in the Madrid Protocol, Spain renounced its claims in Borneo in favor of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .

    The Philippines broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia after joining Sabah in the Federation, but took this probably unofficially under the Manila Agreement ( "Manila Accord") again, declared as the Philippines, its position of introducing North Borneo in the Federation Malaysia would be dependent on the outcome of the Philippines' claims to North Borneo and the Plenipotentiaries of Indonesia and the Malaya Federation affirmed that the inclusion of North Borneo in the aforementioned federation would "not affect the claim or any underlying right".

    Later it became known that President Ferdinand Marcos had a militia of 200 Muslims from Sulu and Tawi-Tawi trained in 1968, which was to be smuggled into Sabah under the code name Operation Merdeka . The plan failed when the militants realized that they were killing not only other Muslims but possibly their own relatives living in North Borneo. Allegedly all eyewitnesses were then murdered in the so-called " Jabidah massacre ".

    Diplomatic connections were reestablished in 1989 when the Philippine government put its claims in the background in the interests of close economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur.

    The Philippine law Republic Act 5446 , which came into force on 18 September 1968 Sabah regarded as a territory "has gained the Republic of the Philippines and Dominion Souveränitat about that." On July 16, 2011, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that the Philippines' claim over Sabah had been preserved and could be pursued in the future.

    To this day, Malaysia has refused to accept the Philippines’s request to refer the case to the International Court of Justice. Sabah sees the demand made by the leader of the Filipino Moro, Nur Misuari , to bring Sabah to the International Court of Justice as "a vain cause" and rejected the demand.

    Establishment of Malaysia

    Manila Agreement between the Philippines , the Malaya Federation and Indonesia over Sabah ( North Borneo ) and Sarawak issues

    Prior to the establishment of Malaysia , two commissions visited North Borneo and neighboring Sarawak to assess public opinion on the union with Malaya and Singapore. The commission had the power to give the people of Sabah a commitment to self-determination. B. to determine their political status and to determine their own economic, social and cultural development. The first commission, known as the Cobbold Commission , was set up by the governments of Malaysia and Great Britain and led by Lord Cobbold. Two other representatives of Malayas and the British stood by his side, but they did not come from the affected areas. The commission found that “around a third of the population of each territory (ie North Borneo and Sarawak) strongly favor the implementation of Malaysia as early as possible without too much consideration for terms and conditions. Another third, most of whom are inclined to the Malaysia project, are asking more or less emphatically about conditions and guarantees. The last third is divided between those who insist on independence before Malaysia is considered and those who would clearly prefer the British government to last a few more years ”. The commission published its report on August 1, 1962 and made some suggestions. Unlike in Singapore, however, a referendum was not held in either North Borneo or Sarawak.

    Indonesia and the Philippines rejected the results of the Cobbold Commission. In 1963 a meeting took place in Manila between the Indonesian President Soekarno , the Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal and the Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman . The result of this meeting was a document known as the Manila Agreement . It stipulated that the annexation of North Borneo to the Malay Federation would not affect the claim or any related right of the Philippians to the territory. The three heads of state agreed to apply to the United Nations to send a further commission led by the UN. The Philippines and Indonesia should drop their objections to the establishment of Malaysia if the new commission were sufficiently approved by the affected residents of the territories. The UN mission to Borneo took place with the participation of the UN Secretariats from Argentina , Brazil , Ceylon , Czechoslovakia , Ghana , Pakistan , Japan and Jordan . The mission report , written by UN Secretary-General U Thant , found that a significant majority of the population was in favor of joining Malaysia. Although Indonesia and the Philippines subsequently rejected the results of the report and Indonesia pursued its semi-military Konfrontasi policy towards Malaysia , the UN report ultimately sealed the establishment of Malaysia.

    Resulting events

    Territorial conflict between Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan

    Location of Pulau Ligitan off the east coast of Sabah. Pulau Sipadan is to the west of it.

    In the recent past, the islands of Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan have sparked disputes between Malaysia and Indonesia. Indonesia denied Malaysia sovereignty over the two islands , citing the historical division of Pulau Sebatik along a line 4 ° 10 'north latitude . Indonesia argued that the line established by the Dutch-British Border Commission on February 17, 1913 also applies to all islands east of Sebatik. However, the International Court of Justice in The Hague did not follow this line of argument and in 2002 ruled that the islands of the Ligitan Group belong to Malaysia. The judges saw the fact that the legal predecessors of Malaysia, namely the North Borneo Chartered Company and later the United Kingdom , "exercised a legislative, administrative and quasi-legal function over a long period of time" as the main reason for the decision . Neither Indonesia nor its legal predecessor, the Netherlands, had ever contradicted these activities.

    Interference by the Philippines in the ongoing process had already been rejected by the court in 2001 due to a lack of "interest of a legal nature", as no reason could be identified why the decision on the two islands would affect the territorial claims of the Philippines on North Borneo.

    Lahad Datu Standoff

    On February 11, 2013, a group of 235 uniformed and partially armed Filipinos led by Raja Muda Agbimuddin Kiram, coming from Simunul , Tawi-Tawi , reached the small town of Tanduo, about 135 kilometers northeast of Lahad Datu . The client of the group, which calls itself "Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo", was Jamalul Kiram III, who describes himself as the rightful heir to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu . The conflict ended with the death of 68 of the sultan's supporters and the arrest of the remainder by the Malaysian security forces.

    bibliography

    literature

    • J. de V. Allen , Anthony J. Stockwell: Leigh R. Wright (Eds.): A collection of treaties and other documents affecting the states of Malaysia 1761-1963 . Oceana Pubns, 1980, ISBN 978-0-379-00781-7 (Retrieved October 11, 2012).

    See also

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ British North Borneo company charter (page 2) . OpenLibrary.org . 1878. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
    2. Rozan Yunos: How Brunei lost its northern province . The Brunei Times. September 21, 2008. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved on October 28, 2013.
    3. ^ A b Rozan Yunos: Sabah and the Sulu claims . The Brunei Times. March 7, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved on September 20, 2013.
    4. ^ East and Southeast Asia: the Philippines . In: CIA Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
    5. ^ Campbell, Charlie: Sabah Standoff: Diplomatic Drama After Filipino Militants Storm Malaysia . In: Time , February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013. 
    6. ^ Ruben Sario: Sulu sultan's 'heirs' drop Sabah claim . In: Philippine Daily Inquirer , September 17, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved October 26, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / globalnation.inquirer.net 
    7. Jerome Aning: Sabah legislature refuses to tackle RP claim . In: Philippine Daily Inquirer , April 23, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2013. 
    8. International Court of Justice: Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders of the International Court of Justice, 1997-2002 Document (United Nations) , Illustrated. Edition, United Nations Publications, 2003, ISBN 92-1133541-8 , 9789211335415, p. 205 (accessed October 14, 2012).
    9. ^ Ooi Keat Gin: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Illustrated. Edition, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 1-57607-770-5 , p. 1163 (accessed October 14, 2012).
    10. ^ A b State Attorney-General's Chambers (ed.): BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, 1878 . State Attorney-General's Chambers, 2010 (Retrieved February 24, 2013).
    11. http://www.royalsulu.com/cession.fig1_issues.html
    12. ^ A b Translation by Professor Conklin of the Deed of 1878 in Arabic characters found by Mr. Quintero in Washington . In: Philippine claim to North Borneo, Vol. I . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 1963. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
    13. contrato de Arrendo de Sandacan en Borneo, con el Baron de Overbeck ( Spanish ) Philippine claim to North Borneo, Vol. I. July 13, 1878. Accessed March 31, 2013.
    14. ^ Brief memorandum on the government of the Sultanate of Sulu and powers of the Sultan during the 19th century . In: The Philippine Claim to a Portion of North Borneo . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. December 8, 1946. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
    15. Najeeb Mitry Saleeby, Ethnological Survey for Philippine Islands: The History of Sulu , Illustrated. Edition, Bureau of Printing, Harvard University, 1908, ISBN 981-3016-09-4 , 9789813016095, p. 30 (Accessed March 31, 2013).
    16. ^ Maxwell, Willian George and Gibson, Willian Summer: Treaties and Engagements Affecting the Malay States and Borneo . J. Truscott & Son, Limited, 1998, p. 205 (Retrieved March 31, 2013).
    17. ^ 1878 Grant of Lease by the Sultan of Sulu to Britain: Profession Conklin Translation vis a vis Maxwell and Gibson Translation . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, (Accessed March 31, 2013).
    18. Mohamed Ariff: The Muslim Private Sector in South East Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia , Illustrated. Edition, Volume 0, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1991, ISBN 981-3016-09-4 , 9789813016095, p. 30 (accessed October 14, 2012).
    19. KJ. Allison: English Pilipino Sama Sibutu ', BASIC VOCABULARY . Summer Institute of Linguistics-Philippines, 1979, OCLC 63217294 , p. 59 ( online, PDF [accessed October 14, 2012]).
    20. ^ R. Haller-Trost: The contested maritime and territorial boundaries of Malaysia: an international law perspective , Volume 3 of International boundary studies series. Kluwer Law International, University of Michigan 1998, ISBN 90-411-9652-8 , 9789041196521, p. 155 (Accessed March 28, 2013).
    21. International Court of Justice: Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 - 2011 , Illustrated. Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011, ISBN 90-04-23062-9 , 789004230620, p. 1133 (accessed March 17, 2013).
    22. ^ Office of the President of the Philippines: CONFIRMATION by Sultan of Sulu of Cession of Certain Islands , Illustrated. Edition 2013, p. 1133.
    23. WHAT WENT BEFORE: Sultan of Sulu's heirs principal 9 . Philippine Daily Inquirer . February 23, 2013. Accessed February 23, 2013.
    24. ^ GRANT by the Sultan of Brunei of Territories from the Paitan to Sibuco River. Dated December 29th, 1877. (BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, 1877) . State Attorney-General's Chambers. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
    25. International Court of Justice: Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, and Orders of the International Court of Justice, 1997-2002 Document (United Nations) , Illustrated. Edition, United Nations Publications, 2003, ISBN 92-1133541-8 , 9789211335415, p. 268 (Retrieved October 14, 2012).
    26. ^ A b State Attorney-General's Chambers (ed.): BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, 1885. PROTOCOL OF 1885 . State Attorney-General's Chambers, 2010 (Retrieved February 24, 2013).
    27. Rodolfo Severino (Ed.): Where in the World Is the Philippines ?: Debating Its National Territory . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011, ISBN 981-4311-71-5 , 9789814311717, p. 62 (accessed October 15, 2012).
    28. United Nations (Ed.): Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations . tape 550 . New York, United States of America 1967, p. 362 ( online, PDF ).
    29.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ], Come clean on Sabah, Sulu sultan urge gov't. Accessed March 1, 2008. [http: //IABotdeadurl.invalid/http: //www.asianjournal.com/cgi-bin/view_info.cgi? code = 5867 @ 1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.asianjournal.com  
    30. AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION ONE OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED THIRTY HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIX, ENTITLED “AN ACT TO DEFINE THE BASELINES OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA OF THE PHILIPPINES” . Retrieved February 17, 2013.
    31. GR No. 187167 . Supreme Court of the Philippines. July 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sc.judiciary.gov.ph
    32. ^ [1] , Philippines' Claim To Sabah. Accessed February 28, 2008.
    33. ^ The Star (May 29, 2008). [2] . The Star .
    34. ^ Report of the Commission of Inquiry: North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 , HMSO, 1962
    35. Jeffrey Kitingan: There was no Sabah referendum ( Memento of the original of March 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in: Free Malaysia Today , March 8, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freemalaysiatoday.com
    36. International Court of Justice: CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN, here: Memorial of Malaysia ( Memento of the original from June 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.4 MB); Accessed July 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.icj-cij.org
    37. International Court of Justice: ditto REPLY OF MALAYSIA ( Memento of the original of November 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 6.5 MB); Accessed July 12, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.icj-cij.org
    38. International Court of Justice: Case concerning souvereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia / Malaysia). Reply submitted by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 8.0 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.icj-cij.org
    39. United Nations: INTERNATIONAL COURT FINDS THAT SOVEREIGNTY OVER ISLANDS OF LIGITAN AND SIPADAN BELONGS TO MALAYSIA ; Accessed July 12, 2012
    40. ^ Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia v. Malaysia) (Permission to Intervene by the Philippines) . In: International Court of Justice . October 23, 2001. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 22, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.icj-cij.org
    41. ^ Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipudan (Indonesia / Malaysia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment . In: International Court of Justice . S. 575. October 23, 2001. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 23, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.icj-cij.org
    42. a b Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own . In: Philippine Daily Inquirer , February 16, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. 
    43. No surrender, we stay . In: Philippine Daily Inquirer , March 3, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. 
    44. Jethro Mullen: Filipino group on Borneo claims to represent sultanate, Malaysia says . In: CNN , February 15, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. 
    45. Mike Frialde: Sultanate of Sulu wants Sabah returned to Phl . In: The Philippine Star , February 23, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013. 
    46. Lahad Datu: Ops Daulat to continue till all Sulu militants are flushed out . ABN News. March 31, 2013. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 15, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / news.abnxcess.com

    Remarks

    1. For details on the reasons for this division, see the article "Tawau" .

    Translations of the original texts

    1. ... out of our free and sovereign will, we hereby transfer the rights to Gustav Baron von Overbeck from Hong Kong and Alfred Dent from London and hereby cede all our rights and sovereignty over all areas and lands to us forever and in the long term tribute to the mainland of the island of Borneo, starting from the Pandassan River on the west coast and the Maludu Bay and continuing along the entire east coast to the Sibuko River in the south, including the areas of Paitan, Sugut, Bangaya, Labuk, Sandakan, Kina Batangan, Mumiang and all the other territories and areas adjoining Darvel Bay to the south and the Sibuko River with all the islands within three nautical iguanas off the coast.
    2. ... out of our free and sovereign will, we hereby transfer the rights to Gustav Baron von Overbeck from Hong Kong and Alfred Dent from London and hereby cede all our rights and sovereignty over all areas and lands to us forever and in the long term tribute to the mainland of the island of Borneo, starting from the Pandassan River on the west coast and the Maludu Bay and continuing along the entire east coast to the Sibuko River in the south, including the areas of Paitan, Sugut, Bangaya, Labuk, Sandakan, Kina Batangan, Mumiang and all the other territories and areas adjoining Darvel Bay to the south of it and to the Sibuko River with all the islands within nine nautical miles of the coast.
    3. Confirmation of the assignment of certain islands