Glossary Quakerism

The Quakerism arose mid-17th century in England. As in every social group, its own terminology has developed over time. This was intensified on the one hand by social isolation in times of persecution and on the other hand for geographical reasons, since Quakers in the USA sometimes lived far away from civilization. Close partnerships and property communities , such as existed in Friedensthal or on the whaling island of Nantucket , also played their part. Quakerism is not a secret society and their language is not a secret language.

list

A.

Absentee: Polite description for members who rarely or never appear. Derived from the Latin absentia : absence. In other Christian denominations, for example, one speaks of submarine Christians .

acting under concern: See Concern

Oldest): (Engl. Elders ) This office is available for every level (see: annual meeting, monthly meeting, quarter or district meeting ). The main task of an elder is pastoral care. Experienced and respected members are usually appointed for this office.

Devotion: or also silent prayer (English: meeting for worship ) is the Quaker service called. Usually takes place on Sundays, other days are also possible. Devotion is the center and supporting element of the spiritual life. A special feature of Quaker devotion is that there is no liturgy. Often an elder is in charge. The prayer begins either with a short speech or by standing there to signal that the prayer has begun. When calm has returned, the elder sits down again. During the prayer participants to a meeting to post speak. Formally, there is no fixed end to a prayer. It is the responsibility of the elder to determine whether the time has come to end the meeting. The service of the evangelical wing of Quakerism Evangelical Friends today has a specific (programmed) sequence with singing, sermon and prayer. Outwardly it hardly resembles the original Quaker devotion.

Devotional group / devotional group: (Eng. Worship Group ): Name for a group that does not have any administrative bodies such as a monthly meeting or offices such as B. Has elders.

issue: See Concern

Working Committee: The working committee is responsible for the administration and decision-making body between the annual meetings, consisting of the board and the clerks of the districts and other committees.

Working groups: are usually formed for a certain period of time on special topics.

Overseer: (English "Overseer") used to be a kind of moral guardian . Today (in German-speaking countries) only an order function at large events. In English-speaking countries, the overseers work with the elders in pastoral care.

Committee: Working Committee , Identification Committee , Office Committee , Peace Committee , House Committee , Literature Committee

area meeting: Britain yearly meeting is the common name for district meeting . Formerly quarterly meetings so quarterly meeting

Attender: See friends of friends

B.

Beanite Friends: These were caused by an involuntary schism . You can call them liberal Quakers . They have unprogrammed prayer and no pastors. But they are more Christocentric and split off from the Iowa Conservative Yearly Meeting around 1881, when they turned more and more to evangelical Quakerism .

(Speech) contribution: (English: Ministry ) The individual request to speak by a participant in a prayer . These contributions should be inspired by the Inner Light . The test is the responsibility of the individual participant. Possibly what has been said will be taken up by another speaker after a period of silent examination. Or there are various speeches that have no connection whatsoever. Speaking time is not formally limited. From George Fox and Ludwig Seebohm , for example, it is known that they were talking partly over an hour (not always to the delight of those present). Everyone is allowed to speak / preach, men, women, children and even non-quakers. It is known that Mennonites also took part in Quaker worship and spoke in Germany and Holland (occasionally there were such violent tumults that secular forces intervened because residents complained about the noise).

Designation Committee: (English Nominations Committee ) Since the offices are not filled by elections, a group of members is commissioned to submit proposals for the appointment of the office to the assembly . The assembly actually decides on the composition of the committee.

decision: (English: minute ). A decision in a business meeting . Decisions are not made through elections or votes, but an attempt is made to come to an amicable agreement in the sense of the sense of the meeting . Ideally, the Assembly agrees when the writer (Engl. Clerk ) formulated a resolution that reads and there are no further objections or counterclaims speeches. If objections were raised by the participants, the decision is formulated and read out again by the scribe. This procedure is repeated until either a unanimously acceptable formulation of the resolution is read out and accepted by silence and written into the minutes, or until the decision is postponed.

District Assembly: English Area Meeting or earlier often called Quarterly Meeting . A district assembly unites a few monthly assemblies into an organizational-informal unit in order to bring the monthly assemblies together. In German Quakerism, the general assembly is held at the level of the district or quarterly assembly, since in Germany many members do not have their own monthly assembly to which they can (or want to) go. In Germany, the formal members of the association are members of the annual meeting . The lists of members are also kept there. In other countries, the monthly meeting is the real center of community life. There are countries that forego the luxury of an annual meeting.

Samuel Gurney (1786–1856), left in the picture

Birthright Membership: Early Quakerism saw itself as a community of believers and its members were exclusively converts. A generation later, with the first born into the community , something like born Quakers emerged and people began to talk about Birthright Friends . This was not accepted in all branches and periods of Quakerism. In the course of time, however, Quaker dynasties emerged like the Gurneys (owners of the bank of the same name), which had a lot of weight. The counterpart to this is quasi the member by convincement (English conversion = converting ) or Quaker by convincement . So membership through the commitment to Quaker beliefs with a conscious and convinced conversion.

Birthright Friends: Birthright Membership

Birthright Quaker: Birthright Membership

Book of Cases: A book in which Quakers documented the atrocities committed against them during the period of persecution (see article Meeting for Sufferings ). Comparable to the martyr's mirror of the Mennonites .

Book of Discipline: In German order of living together

Britain Yearly Meeting: the British annual meeting of the Society of Friends.

Office committee: Committee of the German annual meeting that is responsible for real estate in Berlin.

by convincement (membership): Quaker by Convincement

BYM: Abbreviation for Britain Yearly Meeting

C.

Christ-centered theologically: Christocentric Quakers .

Christocentric Quakers / Theology: This umbrella term is not precisely defined and only vaguely indicates a tendency to emphasize the role and importance of the person of Jesus. The term does not play a role under Evangelical Friends , as they emphasize the role of Jesus Christ very much anyway. It is used in liberal Quakerism to distance oneself from universalist currents ( Quaker Universalist Fellowship ) within the Quaker branch or from the Nontheist Friends . In terms of content, there are overlaps with the New Foundation Fellowship , since the early friends were clearly in the Christian tradition.

Clearness (Committees): A procedure for difficult problems, questions and crises. The will of God should be sought together in the group. A planned marriage, for example, can be such an occasion.

Clerk: In German: Schreiber . In the absence of a clergy (pastor, priest or pastor), there is one person in the congregation who takes the minutes. That person has no authority whatsoever. It is only their task to put resolutions and findings in writing. To this end, it must try to grasp what the assembly is in agreement with in a serving attitude. For this purpose, drafting proposals are made by the writer of the meeting. If there are no further requests to speak, the assembly signals its approval by silence and the clerk can write down the resolution. In the case of requests to speak, it is up to the writer (and his feeling) who and in what order he calls to speak. Those present signal their desire to speak by getting up and waiting.

Concern: In German the word concerns is used. In other denominations one might say calling . A central concept of Quakerism, which assumes that people - or groups - are called by God for certain tasks. When a member feels called to a task, he turns his concern to his group ( monthly meeting ), which examines the concern and which tries to recognize God's will. If the concern could be recognized by the group as God's will , the concern is supported. This means that the monthly meeting has made the matter its own concern. Depending on what it is, a member of the monthly meeting (or a group of members) is appointed to represent the matter in the next higher organizational unit. For example, the issue is carried from a monthly meeting to a district meeting . The matter will be checked again there. In this way, the concern is made known (and examined) to an ever larger group. By supporting a cause ( acting under concern ) many well-known organizations were founded. For example the American Friends Service Committee , Don't Make a Wave Committee (a predecessor organization of Greenpeace ), Oxfam and Amnesty International .

Conservative Friends

Convinced Friend

D.

dark countries: Due to bad experiences (see e.g. John 'Love' Luffe ) the early Quaker missionaries avoided Catholic countries and called them dark countries . Darkness has always been metaphysical for the absence of God's work. People who led a bad lifestyle were often accused of falling into darkness .

That of God in everyone: A concept in Quaker theology. See Inner Light .

Date format: In early Quakerism, the names of the months ( January, February, March ...) and the days of the week ( Sunday, Monday, Tuesday ...) were rejected as pagan terms. Instead, it was said, for example, “7.3.1680” instead of “7. March 1680 ". For example, Sunday would say “first day” and Wednesday would say “fourth day”. A few conservative Quakers still do that today. The early Quakers had no problems with pagan first names, by the way. See also article Quaker Customs .

German annual meeting

Double membership: What is meant is membership in several communities or churches at the same time. That was impossible in early Quakerism. Even getting married outside of the community was an absolute exception and automatically resulted in exclusion from the society of friends . In the Quakers of the 20th century in Germany, however, most of the Quakers at the 2nd German annual meeting (i.e. those from 1925 with the center in Berlin) were members of another mostly Protestant or Catholic regional church. That was a concession to the predominantly bourgeois spectrum. To this day, however, double membership in most annual meetings in the world is unusual (see also the German annual meeting ).

E.

early friends: See early friend .

Elders: See elder

Epistle: Letters between meetings, for example reporting on annual meetings held.

Esoteric Quakers: Esoteric currents have existed since the beginning of Quakerism. These were fought and pushed back by George Fox . A very interesting person and representative of this movement in the early days of Quakerism was Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont . But even today this tendency is very present in the liberal and universalist wing of Quakerism. This also applies to the German annual meetings .

Evangelical Friends: The Evangelical Friends are - purely externally - furthest away from primeval Quakerism from the wings that exist today . You have reintroduced many of the things that George Fox and his friends fought and where their health and life were at risk. The Evangelical Friends call their meeting houses churches again , against which William Penn also took a detailed position in "Without a Cross, No Crown". The Evangelical Friends also have pastors, liturgical chants and sometimes even baptisms with water. Another characteristic is the emphasis on missionary activity and the authority of the Bible and the salvation relevance of Jesus as the Christ.

F.

Facing benches: In older meeting houses there is a special arrangement of the benches. There is a single bench that is slightly raised and faces the other benches. There, the so-called sit obese friends (Engl. Weighty Friends ), one of which is to be expected that they will take the floor in prayer and address the meeting. Often and traditionally, these are the elders and the recorded ministers . Today this type of seating has become unusual. The liberal wing ( Liberal Friends ) usually completely dispenses with recorded ministers and the evangelical or pastoral wing basically now has its pastors.

Two German editions of “Quäker. Faith and Work ”. Left from 1951 and right from 2002

Faith and Practice: A book published by the respective annual meetings, which is subject to constant development. The book is intended to be a guideline and inspiration in spiritual and practical matters. The title of the German annual meeting is "Quaker Faith & Work"

darkness: dark countries

Five Years Meeting: Predecessor organization of Friends United Meeting .

Free Quakers

Friend (s): Quakers sometimes refer to each other as friends . Occasionally the term was used inflationary or clichéd, which was perceived as insincere, so that some refuse to refer to all Quakers as friends in principle. This is derived from the term Religious Society of Friends . And so many Quakers unreflectively use friend as a standing term for member . The original meaning for the early friends is the reference to the Gospel of John 15: 11-15. So when the (early) Quakers addressed someone as a friend , they wanted to express that they believed they recognized someone who was following Jesus. So a friend did not necessarily have to be a member of their own religious community, but rather be a friend of Jesus and lead an impeccable life.

Friends of friends: (English Attender ) Are people who sympathize with Quakerism and maintain close contact with Quakers, but are not Quakers themselves.

Peace Committee: coordinates the commitment of the German Quakers to peaceful conflict resolution.

Peace certificate: See article Quaker product

Friends: Friends

Friends House: see: Meeting House

Early friends: (English early friends ) This refers to the first generation of Quakers, for example George Fox and William Penn .

guide: ... or feel guided . (English Leading ) Feeling driven to something inwardly by God. Or feel that someone is being led by God.

G

Business meeting: The business meeting is a gathering of the members of a meeting to discuss organizational and administrative matters and to decide. This can be a monthly , quarterly or annual meeting , or just a devotional group . The business meeting is understood in the spirit of devotion to mean that the will of God is awaited and an attempt is made to fathom what is in God's sense. A business meeting consists of agenda items and should a decision to adopt or more decisions. See also right ordering

Society, the short form of "The Religious Society of Friends".

Gathered meeting: There is no standing term for it in German. What is meant is that the participants in a devotional had the feeling that the meeting was particularly filled with the Spirit of God. Perhaps one could speak of a gracious , fulfilled or intense devotion in German.

Church leadership diagram for Quakers

Gospel order: Divine guidance related to the congregation. It is assumed that the church is led directly by God, and not by a clergy , a parish council, or the like. See also business meeting and right ordering

Heavy friends: Weighty Friends

Great separation: The first great split in Quakerism. Also called the Hicksites Orthodox Schism . It began in the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in 1827-28 . This was preceded by a long smoldering argument that polarized itself in the person of Elias Hicks . In the split, about two-thirds of the members sided with the wing, later called the Hicksite . The other part of the assembly formed the wing, which was called the Orthodox . Hicksites emphasized the importance of Inner Light , freedom of belief and conscience, while the Orthodox emphasized the importance of the Bible and penance. Similar splits followed in New York, Baltimore, and other gatherings. The hicksite was initially not recognized by the British annual meeting , which is probably why the other wing was also called orthodox , i.e. orthodox .

group: see: monthly meeting

(Local) group: In Germany and Austria partly used term for the monthly meeting .

Elizabeth Fry

Gurneys: Influential old Quaker family. Best-known members are: Joseph John Gurney , Elizabeth Fry b. Gurney and Samuel Gurney .

Gurneyite Quakers: Spin-off resulting from the Gurney-Wilbur schism . Gurneyite Quakers moved on to introduce paid ministers / pastors, scheduled ceremonies, and church chanting. They leaned very much on Protestantism.

Gurney-Wilbur Schism

GYM: German Yearly Meeting , German annual meeting . Annual meeting

H

House Committee: Establishment in Germany that looks after the Quaker House in Bad Pyrmont.

Holy experiment: As such, the first (and only) Quaker colony in Pennsylvania where Quakers were government was named.

Elias Hicks

Hicksite: Name of one of the wings created during the great separation , named after Elias Hicks .

Hicksites Orthodox Schism: see: great separation

Hold in the light: Intercession with the literal translation Holding In The Light . Often used to mean "include in prayer".

I.

I hope so

Hold in the light: see: Hold in the Light

In the spirit of devotion: (corresponds roughly to the English: right ordering ). Refers to a business meeting , the participants of which adhere to communication guidelines similar to a prayer (e.g. do not interrupt each other, short silence after each contribution, etc.)

Independent meeting / Quakers: Traditionally, the Quaker meetings (parishes) are organized very loosely and autonomously. The quarterly and annual meetings are primarily informal. Nevertheless, there are also assemblies that are not at all nationally organized. These are called independent meetings .

Internal punishment / chastisement: William Penn in particular saw in the inner light not only the voice of consolation, but also that of prosecution and ultimately also of punishment and chastisement (in the sense of education).

Inner grace: Grace in the sense of redemption. So not the redemption from external suffering in this world, but the redemption from clinging to worldliness , delusion and sin . Often, inner grace is understood closely in relation to the inner light .

Inner revelation: synonymous Inner Light

Inner strength: synonymous Inner Light

Inner voice: synonymous Inner Light

Inner Christ: synonymous Inner Light

Inner Judas: In a figurative sense, it denotes what one would call the inner weaker self, that is the ease and selfishness that has to be overcome (with the help of Christ or the inner light ).

Inner light: Central concept in Quaker theology. The central message is that Christ reveals himself in every person. So that every person can and should come in an inner dialogue with Christ and that this is the key to grace and ultimately to redemption. Quakers do not believe (as is often misunderstood) that everyone is Christ or part of him. See also the article Quaker Theology .

Inner ear: synonymous Inner Light

Inner testimony: synonymous Inner Light

Crucify inwardly: synonymous internal punishment / chastisement

J

Britain Yearly Meeting London office

Annual meeting: Organizational unit that organizes several monthly or quarterly meetings among itself. Sometimes the annual meeting organized by the annual meeting is also meant.

George Fox

journal: Journal-like recording. The two best known are probably those of George Fox and John Woolman . Most journals were written specifically for general publication. Often the events described were decades ago when they were recorded.

Young friends: Young adults between 16 and 25 years of age mostly from Quaker families who participate in the religious and / or cultural life of the Quaker community. Or children of “ friends of friends ”. This status can usually be retained up to the age of 30. Afterwards they are referred to as “friends of friends” if they have not been accepted and still maintain contact with the Quaker community. Young friends sometimes hold offices in the German annual meeting , but have no voting rights in business meetings.

K

Keith Controversy: What was meant were the violent disputes over the person of George Keith . The question was whether the Bible or the Inner Light had the higher authority. A question that kept growing up in Quakerism and led to several schisms. So also for the great separation .

Conservative Quakers: English: Conservative Friends

Cryptoquaker

Wharton, circa 1901

Cultural quakerism

L.

Lay down: This term expresses that a committee, an assembly or a ministry / ministry is no longer relevant and is dissolved.

Leading: Leadership or feel led in German . Feeling driven to do something inwardly by God.

Liberal Friends: The wing that emerged from the Hicksites Orthodox schism and represents liberal theological views.

Liberal Quakerism: Liberal Friends

Literature Committee: A committee of the German annual meeting that is responsible for the journalistic activities.

M.

Meeting for Business: Or even a business meeting . Business meeting .

Meeting for sufferings

Meeting for Worship: See devotion

Meeting House Moorestown, NJ, USA

Meeting House: Meeting house. Was deliberately not referred to as “church”, as this term was reserved for the community of believers in Quakerism . See Ecclesiology (Quakerism) . But this does not apply to the Evangelical Friends . This call their meeting houses (municipality) now again undifferentiated Church so church .

Member by convincement: See Convinced Friend

minister: Name for the preacher . Has hardly any meaning in liberal Quakerism. In its original sense, the term is closely related to mission and giving witness . Ministers have no training or formal calling. When ministers had the special confidence of an assembly, they received a letter for their travels.

Ministry: See post

minute: See Resolution , Traveling Minute and Secretarial Minute

MM: Abbreviation for Monthly Meeting (German: Monthly Meeting ).

Monthly meeting: smallest organizational unit in Quakerism, comparable to a (church) community in other faith communities . In the German annual assembly , the monthly assemblies rarely have more than a dozen members.

Monthly meeting: To German monthly meeting .

N

New Light (movement): This is a historical liberal faction within the British Quakers of the late 18th century that is no longer relevant today.

New Foundation Fellowship: Is not a schism or a wing, but more of a renewal movement . Some friends, especially those in the Liberal Wings, try to keep the memory of the Early Friends alive and to reflect on old traditions. The New Foundation Fellowship is also represented in the German annual meeting . For years, some members have been trying (in vain) to translate George Fox's diary and bring it out in the publishing house of the German Annual Meeting.

non-pastoral: This means all churches that have no pastors. So mostly the liberal and the conservative Quakers (English Conservative Friends) .

Notion: Term used by George Fox. In the sense of: idea, concept, idea, hunch, view, opinion, concept.

Nontheist Friends: Fuzzy term. Describes a movement within liberal Quakerism that either separates itself from traditional images of God or completely denies the existence of a divine authority.

O

folder: engl. Overseers

Order of coexistence: (Eng. "Book of Discipline") a book that is prepared by an annual meeting and certifies the most important procedures for the community life and the members. The content can vary from annual meeting to annual meeting.

Overseers: Initially, they were appointed offices that checked whether the members kept the rules of a decent life . This also included home visits . Today the office is not appointed in its original function in any of the three wings. Overseers are used for larger gatherings to ensure that everything runs smoothly.

Outreach: This term is mainly used by the liberal and conservative branch for public relations . The evangelical speaks more of mission and also acts so offensively.

Original 13: Name for the 13 families from Krefeld who emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 17th century under the leadership of Franz Daniel Pastorius and founded Germantown or Deitscheschteddel in 1683 . Most of these families probably converted to Quakerism. Five years later, the group of Abraham Isacks op den Graeff, Herman Isacks op den Graeff, Gerrit Henderich and Pastorius initiated the first protest against slavery in America (see also: History of Philadelphia ).

Orthodox Friends: The wing that split off during the great separation .

OYM: Abbreviation for Ohio Yearly Meeting . See annual meeting

P

Pastoral Friends: non-pastoral .

plain dress: Derived from the "testimony to simplicity" and means simple, plain and functional clothing. Formerly called contemptuously "Quaker uniform". See also Quaker Certificate .

plain speech: Omission of polite phrases . See also Quaker Certificate .

Proceed as Way Opens: Do something without clearing up all the details, trusting in the guidance (of God).

Programmed: means congregations / assemblies with programmed prayer .

Programmed devotion: Devotions / divine service with a given schedule (program), most of which can be found at the evangelical wing .

Q

Quaker Bible: The so-called Quaker Bible is a translation of the Bible by the Quaker Anthony Purver (1702–1777) from the year 1764. Quakers never use only one specific translation.

Quaker by Convincement: see Convinced Friend

Quaker Faith & Work: see Faith and Practice

Quaker Gray: Colloquial. In the USA and GB, gray is associated with Quakers, as they were dressed in gray for a long time. See also plain dress

Quaker Meeting House: See Meeting House

Quaker Universalist Fellowship: This is not an independent branch, but a movement within Quakerism, similar to New Foundation Fellowship , only in the exact opposite direction. The followers even take the view that one can also be a Quaker as a Hindu, Buddhist or Muslim and consider Quakerism to be something universal.

Quaker Youth Pilgimage: A travel event for teenagers and young adults (mostly from Quaker families) who travel together and deal with Quaker history and present. These tour groups are international and participation is unique. The not inconsiderable costs are partly covered by the host communities and the home communities (" annual and manate meetings ").

Quakerspeak: Quaker terms that are understandable for Quakers but often confusing for non-Quakers.

Quarterly meeting: Quarterly meeting

R.

Recorded Minister: Minister or spiritual leader who enjoys the special trust of a congregation. There is a defined process for recording , which is recorded in the order of coexistence . See also Ministry / Minister

Speech: See post

Quaker cemetery in Germany, Bad Pyrmont (2008)

Richard Cary Lecture: A traditional lecture during the German annual meeting . Respected Quaker figures are invited as speakers. See also article German annual meeting . The lecture is named after the American Quaker Richard L. Cary (1886–1933). He lived in Berlin from 1930 until his death, where he headed the Quaker office (at that time still “International Secretariat of the Religious Society of Friends”). After his death, friends raised money for a foundation that made it possible to hold lectures at annual meetings. The foundation stock was devalued by the currency reform after the Second World War and the Dautsche annual meeting took over the financing. Cary's urn is buried in the (urn) cemetery of the Quaker House in Bad Pyrmont .

Richmond Declaration: The Richmond Declaration was formulated by evangelical Quakers in 1877 and resulted in the second major split.

Right ordering: There are defined procedures for some things in particular in business meetings. If the usual procedural path is left, a party can z. B. determine: "... this meeting is not in right ordering." See also In the Spirit of Worship

S.

Clerk: engl. Clerk

Secretarial minute: Is used in English-speaking Quakerism to distinguish a general record of a conversation in the usual business sense from a Quaker minute (German: decision ). Since the terms resolution and protocol are clearly separated from each other in German, the term secretarial minute is not used in German Quakerism .

Missive: see traveling minute

Schreiber team: A made-up word (from Schreiber English Clerk and Team ) that is only used in German-speaking countries. The background to this is that the German Annual Meeting has had problems filling all offices for some time . Out of necessity, the offices are now z. Sometimes doubly staffed in order to distribute the burden of work and responsibility over several shoulders.

sense of the meeting: Here a congregation feels that it is led by God and that resolutions can be made.

Speaking Truth to Power: An important concept in Quakerism and closely related to the so-called Quaker product . What is meant by this is the moral obligation to tell the truth, especially to those in power. The Quaker John 'Love' Luffe became known through the attempt in 1658 to convert Pope Alexander VII. He died in this attempt in Rome.

Speaks to my condition or Friend speaks my mind: Freely translated: speaks to my condition or he speaks in my sense . Depending on the emphasis and context, this can mean anything from simple agreement to what has been said to a mystical experience of God. (Compare: George Fox / Pendle Hill / "There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition")

Suffering: see: Meeting for Sufferings

T

Testimony: Central element of Quakerism. The understanding of “giving testimony” differs fundamentally from that of other Christian groups. See the article Quaker certificate .

That of God in everyone: In German Das von Gott in Jedem . Paragraph for the concept of Inner Light .

traveling in the ministry: A traveling preacher ( minister ) with a letter ( minute ) and an order from his home parish ( monthly meeting ), hardly in use anymore.

traveling minute: Letter from the home parish in which a recommendation is made, a greeting or special trust in the bearer is expressed. So something like a travel document or letter of recommendation.

traveling in the ministry: In an order or (spiritual) concerns ( concern ) travel.

U

Universalist wing: See article Universalism (Religious Studies) .

unprogrammed: "Unprogrammed" in German. Refers to devotion without liturgical planning. See programmed devotion .

V

Valiant Sixty: A group of Early Friends who took the lead and actively sought to spread their message. Its most famous members include: Edward Burrough , Margaret Fell , Mary Fisher , George Fox , Elizabeth Hooton , Francis Howgill , James Nayler and George Whitehead

17th century Quaker meeting with woman preaching.

Assembly

Quarterly meeting: (English Quarterly Meeting ) or in German also district assembly , organizational unit that unites several monthly meetings.

W.

"Waiting on the Lord": Expression / paraphrase for the attitude of mind during the Quaker service ( silent prayer ). This is to express the expectation that a revelation from God will be awaited.

Weighty Friends: This denotes members whose word has special weight in the assembly.

Wilburite-Gurneyite Schism: Gurney-Wilbur Schism

Wilburite Quakers: Gurney-Wilbur Schism

Wilburite (s): Gurney-Wilbur Schism

Days of the week: Date format

Worship Group: This does not mean a church band, but a loose group of Quakers who do not have a monthly meeting and hardly any or no administrative elements. In German one speaks of prayer group or prayer circle.

Y

Yearly meeting: Annual meeting

YM: Abbreviation for "Yearly Meeting" Annual Meeting

Z

testimony: See Quaker Certificate

Individual evidence

↑ The term was demonstrably used during the disputes in the Berlin group through a letter dated April 18, 2008 by Horst Konopatzky

↑ William Penn: Without a cross, there is no crown. Chapter 5, ISBN 978-3-8391-2608-0 .

↑ See also: Beanite in the engl. Wikipedia

↑ Sünne Juterczenka: About God and the World - End-Time Visions, Reform Debates, and the European Quaker Mission in the Early Modern Era. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-35458-2 , p. 188, (1) 94.

↑ These include, for example, the Moscow Monthly Meeting (MM), the Ramallah MM, Brummana MM, Barcelona MM, Hong Kong MM, Seoul MM and the Kinshasa MM. See: Pink Dandelion: An Introduction to Quäkerism. ISBN 0-521-60088-X , p. 177.

↑ See: Heidi Blocher: First seek the kingdom of God and all these things will be given to you. Publishing house Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 2011, ISBN 978-3-929696-43-1 , p. 29.

↑ George Fox - Notes and Letters of the First Quaker. Translator: Margrit Stähelin. JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1908.

↑ Sünne Juterczenka: About God and the World: End Times Visions, Reform Debates and the European Quaker Mission in the Early Modern Age. In: Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History. Volume 143, Max Planck Institute for History, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-35458-2 , p. 74. google books

↑ See also the section Albrecht, Hans . In: Claus Bernet: Quakers from politics, science and art: A biographical lexicon. 2nd Edition. Bautz, Nordhausen 2008, ISBN 978-3-88309-469-4 , pp. 17-19. Quote: “Hans Albrecht is an important co-founder of the German annual meeting. He embodied the bourgeois wing of the Quakers. " P. 18. And in the chapter Stackelberg, Freiherr Traugott von (1891–1970) on p. 195 quote " [...] obstacles seemed to them [the Stackelbergs] above all the predominantly bourgeois social orientation the Quakers in Germany, [...] and their overly intellectual attitude. "

↑ On the number of members see, Claus Bernet: Life between Protestant theology and Quakerism. In: Material service. 02/2008, ISSN 0934-8522 , p. 29.

↑ See here on Chapter 5, 6th paragraph.

↑ The Evangelical Friends story is a little more complicated. In the 1870s and 1880s, a number of annual meetings (Western 1877, Kansas 1880, Canada 1881, Iowa 1883) split off on whether to introduce pastors. Most of the congregations that formed the Pastoral Show came from the Gurneyite branch that split from the Orthodox Friends . They formed the Five Years Meeting (later the Friends United Meeting ). It was an association of annual meetings that adopted the Richmond Declaration of 1877 for themselves . In 1947 there was another split and the Association of Evangelical Friends was founded . This existed until 1970. In 1965 the Evangelical Friends Association was formed, which in 1989 became the Evangelical Friends Church International . Today the Evangelical Friends wing is by far the largest and it doesn't look like anything will change in the future. In contrast to the stagnating or even shrinking Liberal Friends , the growth of the Evangelical Friends is unbroken. See also: www.evangelicalfriends.org and Evangelical Friends International in the English language Wikipedia.

↑ Quakers. Belief and work. Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Bad Pyrmont 2002, ISBN 3-929696-29-0 .

^ History of the Free Quakers

↑ See also: Claus Bernet Samuel Wetherill. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon. (BBKL). Volume 30, Bautz, Nordhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-88309-478-6 , column 1555–1557.

↑ See Ohio Yearly Meeting website: ON GOSPEL ORDER. ( Memento from July 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )

↑ See: www.quakerinfo.org A Brief History of the Branches of Friends. (As of January 9, 2010); and Claus Bernet: 300 Years of Anglo-American Relations in Berlin: The Quaker Presence from the 17th Century to the Present. In: Yearbook for Berlin-Brandenburg Church History. 67th year 2009, p. 122.

↑ See e.g. B. the Ripley Quaker Meeting ( Memento of March 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). As long as there were Quakers, there were also “theological island solutions”. Such an example is a group like this one from Great Britain, which is not affiliated to the annual Britain Yearly Meeting . The decisive factor is always the respective #order of living together. In this case the independent meeting uses that of the Ohio Yearly Meeting , even if Geographically it actually belongs to the #Britain Yearly Meeting . The group found the theological orientation of the British Annual Assembly too liberal in this case.

↑ See: Page Chapter 10, Section 10 and Chapter 14, Section 1, in “no cross, no crown”.

↑ So z. B. Willam Pan: Without a cross there is no crown. in Chapter 2 Section 8. books.googl

↑ See e.g. B. Willam Pan: Without a cross, no crown: study edition. 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-2608-0 , p. 47.

^ Order of Coexistence, 2003 edition.

↑ See Kirchenlexikon http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/k/keith_g.shtml ( Memento from May 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive )

^ Sünne Juterczenka: About God and the World - Entzeitvisionen, reform debates, and the European Quaker mission in the early modern period. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-35458-2 , p. 42.

↑ Example of use: Claus Bernet: Deutsche Quäkerschriften. Volume 2: German Quaker writings of the 18th century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-487-13408-6 , p. 371.

↑ See: Westfälische Forschungen, 60/2010 Verlag Aschendorff, Claus Bernet The history of the Quaker community of Minden [...]. P. 505.

↑ See: Heidi Blocher: First seek the kingdom of God and all these things will be given to you. Publishing house Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 2011, ISBN 978-3-929696-43-1 , p. 20.

↑ See: New Foundation Fellowship website ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ See website nontheistfriends.org
↑ For more see Wikipedia: Quaker Bible
↑ See also universalistfriends.org website
↑ Claus Bernet: Quakers from politics, science and art: A biographical lexicon. 2nd Edition. Verlag Traugott Bautz, 2008, ISBN 3-88309-469-2 , pp. 43-44.
↑ Quakers. 6/2009, pp. 284 + 285, Richard Cary lecture. Lutz Caspers, ISSN 1619-0394
↑ See also: en: Richmond Declaration .
↑ See Quäker, 6/2010, ISSN 1619-0394 , pp. 260-263.
↑ Quakers. Sep./Oct. 2010, ISSN 1619-0394
↑ Claus Bernet: Perrot, John. In: Biographical-Bibliographical Church Lexicon. Volume XX, 2002, columns 1160-1167.
^ See Claus Bernet, p. 516, in Westfälische Forschung, 60/2010, Verlag Aschendorf.
↑ See: Heidi Blocher: First seek the kingdom of God and all these things will be given to you. Publishing house Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 2011, ISBN 978-3-929696-43-1 , p. 28.

[1] The term was demonstrably used during the disputes in the Berlin group through a letter dated April 18, 2008 by Horst Konopatzky

[2] William Penn: Without a cross, there is no crown. Chapter 5, ISBN 978-3-8391-2608-0 .

[3] See also: Beanite in the engl. Wikipedia

[4] Sünne Juterczenka: About God and the World - End-Time Visions, Reform Debates, and the European Quaker Mission in the Early Modern Era. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-35458-2 , p. 188, (1) 94.

[5] These include, for example, the Moscow Monthly Meeting (MM), the Ramallah MM, Brummana MM, Barcelona MM, Hong Kong MM, Seoul MM and the Kinshasa MM. See: Pink Dandelion: An Introduction to Quäkerism. ISBN 0-521-60088-X , p. 177.

[6] See: Heidi Blocher: First seek the kingdom of God and all these things will be given to you. Publishing house Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 2011, ISBN 978-3-929696-43-1 , p. 29.

[7] George Fox - Notes and Letters of the First Quaker. Translator: Margrit Stähelin. JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1908.

[8] Sünne Juterczenka: About God and the World: End Times Visions, Reform Debates and the European Quaker Mission in the Early Modern Age. In: Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History. Volume 143, Max Planck Institute for History, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-35458-2 , p. 74. google books

[9] See also the section Albrecht, Hans . In: Claus Bernet: Quakers from politics, science and art: A biographical lexicon. 2nd Edition. Bautz, Nordhausen 2008, ISBN 978-3-88309-469-4 , pp. 17-19. Quote: “Hans Albrecht is an important co-founder of the German annual meeting. He embodied the bourgeois wing of the Quakers. " P. 18. And in the chapter Stackelberg, Freiherr Traugott von (1891–1970) on p. 195 quote " [...] obstacles seemed to them [the Stackelbergs] above all the predominantly bourgeois social orientation the Quakers in Germany, [...] and their overly intellectual attitude. "

[10] On the number of members see, Claus Bernet: Life between Protestant theology and Quakerism. In: Material service. 02/2008, ISSN 0934-8522 , p. 29.

[11] See here on Chapter 5, 6th paragraph.