Grammostola
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Grammostola pulchra |
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| Simon , 1892 |
Grammostola is a spider genus of the family of tarantulas (Theraphosidae) and currently comprises 22 species , all in South America are located. (As of March 2017)
features
This genus has medium to very large species. For example, Grammostola anthracina reaches eight centimeters, Grammostola pulchripes nine centimeters and Grammostola actaeon even ten centimeters of body length.
Grammostola species have a characteristic, metallic shimmering surface with very fine irritant hair on the upper side of the abdomen ( opisthosoma ), roughly from the middle to the spinnerets.
behavior
Grammostola species are ground-dwelling tarantulas that dig short holes and living tubes in the ground. They paper the living tubes with spider silk and live there during the molting phases, the breeding season and the cold months. This time can be up to five months a year. The rest of the time they hide under stones, roots, pieces of bark or fallen leaves. Adult females of many species often no longer leave the tube and feed on the prey that pass near their tube.
distribution and habitat
The genus has a large distribution area from Chile via Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay to Brazil. The occurrence of Grammostola monticola and Grammostola rosea in Bolivia is doubtful. Some of the individual species have very limited distribution areas. Grammostola iheringi occurs in a single valley in Uruguay.
Some species live in areas with cold winters with temperatures below freezing (for example in the habitat of Grammostola pulchra ). Many species live in areas with enormous temperature fluctuations. That means very high temperatures and dry air during the daytime followed by freezing nights. Grammostola rosea is not exposed to high temperatures in the dry southern summer. In Paraguay, the home of Grammostola pulchripes , it is more humid and significantly hotter in southern summer.
Due to the changes in the habitat caused by humans due to livestock farming, arable farming and the timber industry, many species of Grammostola could spread. Many spiders can be found on the pastures and forest edges, such as Grammostola actaeon , Grammostola iheringi , Grammostola grossa and Grammostola pulchra .
Keeping in the terrarium
Grammostola are often found in the terrarium, especially the Grammostola rosea , which is popular with beginners , but also Grammostola pulchra , Grammostola grossa and Grammostola pulchripes .
The Grammostola species are climatically more demanding in keeping than other tarantulas. Many require cooler temperatures down to below 10 ° C in winter, otherwise breeding will not succeed. The keeping conditions of the species of this genus are also not uniform.
species
The World Spider Catalog currently lists 22 species for the genus Grammostola . (As of March 2017)
- Grammostola actaeon ( Pocock , 1903)
- Grammostola alticeps ( Pocock , 1903)
- Grammostola andreleetzi Vol , 2008
- Grammostola anthracina ( CL Koch , 1842)
- Grammostola borelli ( Simon , 1897)
- Grammostola burzaquensis Ibarra , 1946
- Grammostola chalcothrix Chamberlin , 1917
- Grammostola diminuta Ferretti, Pompozzi, González & Pérez-Miles , 2013
- Grammostola doeringi ( Holmberg , 1881)
- Grammostola gossei ( Pocock , 1899)
- Grammostola grossa ( Ausserer , 1871)
- Grammostola iheringi ( Keyserling , 1891)
- Grammostola inermis Mello-Leitão , 1941
- Grammostola mendozae ( Beach , 1907)
- Grammostola monticola ( beach , 1907)
- Grammostola porteri ( Mello-Leitão , 1936)
- Grammostola pulchra Mello-Leitão , 1921
- Grammostola pulchripes ( Simon , 1891)
- Grammostola quirogai Montes de Oca, D'Elía & Pérez-Miles , 2016
- Grammostola rosea ( Walckenaer , 1837)
- Grammostola subvulpina ( Strand , 1906)
- Grammostola vachoni Schiapelli & Gerschman , 1961
literature
- Klaas, P. (2003): Tarantulas: Origin, Care, Species. Eugen Ulmer Verlag , Stuttgart, ISBN 3-8001-3696-1 .
Web links
Grammostola in the World Spider Catalog
- German Arachnological Society V. - Association that looks after the research and transmission of information on tarantulas (publication organ : ARACHNE - ISSN 1613-2688 )
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 18.0 - Grammostola . Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Peter Klaas: tarantulas / origin, care, species , Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2003, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4660-4 , pp. 88–91
- ^ A b c Günther Schmidt: Die Vogelspinnen , Westarp Wissenschaften-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hohenwarsleben 2003, ISBN 3-89432-899-1 , p. 167
- ↑ Pérez Miles et al. Tarantulas from Uruguay
- ↑ Climate data Chile ( Memento of the original from April 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Climatic data Paraguay ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sören Rafn Vogelspinnen , Kirschner & Seufer Verlag, Rheinstetten 2007, ISBN 978-3-9808264-9-5 , p. 105
