Large-flowered thorn apple

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Large-flowered thorn apple
Datura innoxia flower 02.jpg

Large-flowered thorn apple ( Datura inoxia )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Nightshade (Solanales)
Family : Nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Genre : Thorn Apples ( Datura )
Type : Large-flowered thorn apple
Scientific name
Datura inoxia
Mill.

The Large-flowered thorn apple ( Datura inoxia , as innoxia written. See below) is a plant from the genus of Datura ( Datura ) in the family of nightshade family (Solanaceae).

description

The large-flowered thorn apple is a usually 50 to 100, in extreme cases 30 to 200 cm high, mostly richly branched, herbaceous, hairy plant. The above-ground shoots are annual, the rhizome can overwinter. The approximately 7 to 14 cm long stalked leaves have a leaf blade that is 5 to 16 cm long and 3.5 to 11 cm wide. It is egg-shaped, rounded off asymmetrically at the base, to wedge-shaped, and entire or with a shallowly curved to wavy leaf margin. The species can be distinguished from the similar and closely related species Datura wrightii and Datura lanosa primarily by the hairiness ( indument ). The underside of the leaves, including the petiole, is soft glandular hairy in the species, especially along the leaf veins.

The calyx is 60 to 95 mm long; the calyx teeth are 11 to 25 mm long, unequal in size, linear-triangular and pointed. The corolla is usually 15 to 17, in extreme cases 11 to 19 cm long, it is funnel-shaped with a long tube and spread out at the end, on the edge with five normal and five additional small intermediate lobes (these without veins), therefore a total of ten triangular-tooth-like Lobes. It is white in color, sometimes with a pale purple tint. The flowers are noticeably larger than those of the common thorn apple.

The fruits are egg-shaped capsules with a diameter of 5.5 to 6.5 cm. They are pendulous when ripe and spring up irregularly when the seeds are ripe. H. the two to four flaps disintegrate into irregularly shaped fragments. They are hairy white and covered with numerous long, thin spines that are about the same length as one another. The spines are about 10 mm long, which is less than half the length of the capsule width. The approximately 4.5 to 5 mm long, flattened seeds are D-shaped in outline, they are brown to gray-brown in color with a reticulate surface with three longitudinal ribs.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Large-flowered thorn apple ( Datura inoxia )
Nodding, prickly fruit
Glandular hairy stem

Occurrence

The species is native to Central America and widespread and common in Mexico, the distribution center of the genus, but is now found almost worldwide in regions with a tropical or subtropical climate. Whether it is also indigenous to southwestern North America or whether its occurrence there is based on introduction is a matter of dispute. It is partly used as an ornamental plant and is widespread from the culture feral and naturalized as a neophyte , in Europe in the Mediterranean region. In Germany it occurs in warm regions as, less permanent, neophyte.

Taxonomy and systematics

The species was first described by the English botanist Philip Miller in his Gardener's Dictionary (eighth edition, 1768). It is assigned to the Dutra section within the genus Datura ; this position has been confirmed by phylogenomic studies. The species name is derived from the Latin noxia: damage, would mean something like "the harmless one"; this is derived from the fact that the content of poisonous alkaloids should be lower than in related species. For a long time there was a lack of clarity about the taxonomy, plants that can be assigned to the species were often erroneously assigned to the species Datura metel L. Today it is considered likely that Datura metel , which is predominantly widespread in Asia, is a descendant of Datura inoxia that was cultivated and subsequently rewilded. Also the name Datura meteloides DC. ex Dunal was related to this species, among other things, but its application is unclear and is no longer used today.

For the botanical species name there is often the spelling Datura innoxia , with two ns.This does not correspond to the original spelling in the first description, but would be an obvious emendation , since the Latin form should actually be formed as in-noxia, in such cases it is after the Code to correct the spelling (Article 60). In the specialist literature, however, both spellings can be found side by side to this day.

literature

  • DM Moore: Datura. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 200 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b D.M. Moore: Datura. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 200 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  2. ↑ a b c d L. Haegi (1976): Taxonomic Account of Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Australia with a Note on Brugmansia Pers. Australian Journal of Botany 24: 415-435.
  3. ↑ Robert A. Bye Jr. (1987): Datura lanosa, a new species of Datura from Mexico. Phytologia 61: 204-206.
  4. ^ Datura innoxia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ^ Datura in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  6. ↑ Distribution map in Germany at floraweb
  7. ^ Robert Bye & Victoria Sosa (2013): Molecular Phylogeny of the Jimsonweed Genus Datura (Solanaceae). Systematic Botany, 38 (3): 818-829. doi: 10.1600 / 036364413X670278
  8. ↑ a b Mario Luna-Cavazos, Robert Bye, Meijun Jiao (2009): The origin of Datura metel (Solanaceae): genetic and phylogenetic evidence. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56: 263. doi: 10.1007 / s10722-008-9363-5

Web links

Commons : Large-flowered thorn apple ( Datura inoxia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files