Big barrel snail
| Big barrel snail | ||||||||||||
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Large barrel snail ( Orcula dolium ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Orcula dolium | ||||||||||||
| ( Draparnaud , 1801) |
The orcula dolium ( orcula dolium ), and Large Tönnchenschnecke called, is a snail from the family of orculidae (Orculidae) that the subordination of terrestrial snails is expected (gastropod).
features
The case measures 6.7–9 mm in height and 3 to 3.6 mm in diameter. It is thick cylindrical with a flat conical apex. There are 8 to 10.5 flat rounded, slowly increasing turns. The last turn climbs slowly towards the mouth. The mouth is rounded with a broadly folded edge. However, the edge of the mouth is interrupted in the parietal region and thickened with lips in the other areas. Three lamellae protrude into the mouth, two on the spindle side ("columnar folds" or spindle folds), a strong fold on the wall of the mouth ("parietal fold"). The spindle folds do not reach to the edge of the mouth; usually the upper spindle fold is somewhat weaker than the lower spindle fold. But they are clearly visible in the mouth view. The color of the case varies from yellowish brown to reddish brown; it is only slightly translucent. It is fine and irregularly striped; often it is also encrusted with black. Young animals in particular stick excrement pills on the walkways as camouflage. Housing dimensions can vary widely in local populations.
In the male genital tract, the spermatic duct, which is not very twisted, enters the epiphallus apically. Before it enters the epiphallus, a small muscle cord is attached. After the entry of the vas deferens, the epiphallus is initially thickened and then somewhat constricted. In the further course the epiphallus swells again. The last third before the transition into the penis is significantly thinner. The retractor muscle starts at the junction of the epiphallus and penis. In addition, a clumsy picture sac (caecum) is formed at this point. The penis is less than half the length of the epiphallus, but as long or slightly longer than the blind sac. In the female tract of the genital apparatus, the spermatic duct branches off very distally from the egg duct. The free fallopian tube is therefore much longer in relation to the vagina, about three times as long. The atrium is very flat.
Similar species
The casing is slightly larger and slightly more bulbous than the casing of the slim barrel snail .
Geographical distribution and habitat
The species is mainly native to the Alps (eastern France, northern Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia) and the Carpathian Mountains (northern Hungary, southern Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic). The occurrences in the French and Swiss Jura , in southwest Germany ( southern Black Forest , Kaiserstuhl ), the occurrence in southern Hungary and a small occurrence in northern Croatia , which can already be clearly assigned to the Dinarides, are a bit out of the ordinary . The alleged very large distribution area to western Ukraine and Crimea, Romania, Spain, Italy (outside the Alps), Central Asia, Tunisia, Ethiopia and Northern Iran is based on incorrect determinations.
The animals live in the forest, on rubble slopes, in scree and in the litter mainly at higher altitudes on dry, sunny as well as shady, moist slopes on chalky subsoil. In Switzerland the species rises up to 2220 m.
Taxonomy
The taxon was first described in 1801 by Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud as Pupa dolium . It is the type species of the genus Orcula Held, 1838. At present, a number of subspecies are distinguished:
- ? Orcula dolium brancsikii Clessin, 1887
- Orcula dolium dolium (Draparnaud, 1801)
- Orcula dolium edita Pilsbry, 1934 (Alpine barrel snail)
- Orcula dolium gracilior S. Zimmermann, 1932
- Orcula dolium infima Pilsbry, 1934
- Orcula dolium minimum (Brancsik, 1887)
- Orcula dolium pseudogularis AJ Wagner, 1912
- Orcula dolium raxae E. Gittenberger, 1978 (Rax barrel snail )
Orcula dolium brancsikii Clessin, 1887, is possibly an independent species. Peter Reischütz found this taxon together with a small form of the large cone snail ( Orcula dolium minimum (Brancsik, 1887)), without transitional forms at the type locality of brancsikii Clessin, 1887. He treats Orcula brancsikii therefore as a separate species.
Danger
Overall, the species is not endangered due to its large distribution area and its abundance. In Bavaria the species is viewed as potentially endangered because it is rare and restricted to a comparatively small area in Bavaria. The species is also viewed as potentially endangered in Switzerland. In Baden-Württemberg it is a kind of warning list.
In Austria there are two subspecies on the red list. The subspecies, Orcula dolium gracilior , is classified as endangered, Orcula dolium infima is even considered endangered. In Germany it is rarely listed in the risk category R - Extreme.
supporting documents
literature
- Klaus Bogon: Land snails biology, ecology, biotope protection. 404 p., Natur Verlag, Augsburg ISBN 3-89440-002-1 (p. 112/3)
- Rosina Fechter, Gerhard Falkner: Mollusks. 287 p., Mosaik-Verlag, Munich 1990 (Steinbach's Nature Guide 10) ISBN 3-570-03414-3 (p. 146)
- Edmund Gittenberger: Contributions to the knowledge of the Pupillacea VIII. Some about Orculidae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 163: 3-44, 1978 PDF
- Jürgen H. Jungbluth and Dietrich von Knore: Trivial names of land and freshwater mollusks in Germany (Gastropoda et Bivalvia). Mollusca, 26 (1): 105-156, Dresden 2008 ISSN 1864-5127
- Michael P. Kerney, RAD Cameron & Jürgen H. Jungbluth: The land snails of Northern and Central Europe. 384 pp., Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-490-17918-8 (p. 99)
- Francisco W. Welter-Schultes: European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification = identification book for European land and freshwater mollusks. A1-A3 S., 679 S., Q1-Q78 S., Planet Poster Ed., Göttingen 2012, ISBN 3-933922-75-5 , ISBN 978-3-933922-75-5 (S. 144)
- Vollrath Wiese: Germany's land snails. 352 pp., Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2014, ISBN 978-3-494-01551-4 (p. 84)
On-line
Individual evidence
- ↑ Barna Páll-Gergely, Tamás Deli, Atanas Irikov, Josef Harl: Subgeneric division of the genus Orcula Held 1837 with remarks on Romanian orculid data (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Orculidae). Zookeys, 301: 25-49, 2013 doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.301.5304
- ↑ a b Federal Office for the Environment: Red List of Molluscs (Snails and Mussels) Endangered Species in Switzerland, as of 2010. Federal Office for the Environment FOEN and the Swiss Center for the Cartography of Fauna, Bern, 2012 PDF ( Memento des original from 22 August 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud: Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. - pp. [1-2], 1-116. Montpellier, Paris. (Renaud; Bossange, Masson & Besson, 1801 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 58/9).
- ↑ Fauna Europaea
- ^ Stephan Clessin: The mollusc fauna of Austria-Hungary and Switzerland. In: Stephan Clessin: Die Mollusken-Fauna Mitteleuropa's, Volume 2, II + 860 S., Bauer & Raspe, Nürnberg, 1887 Online at www.archive.org (S. 236/7)]
- ^ A b Paul Mildner, Ursula Rathmayer: Red list of the molluscs of Carinthia (Mollusca). In: WE Holzinger, Paul Mildner, T. Rottenburg, C. Wieser (eds.): Red lists of endangered animals in Carinthia. Nature conservation in Carinthia, 15: 643 - 662, Klagenfurt 1999 PDF (p. 648)
- ↑ a b Peter L. Reischütz: the knowledge of the genital morphology of orcula brancsikii Clessin 1887 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillacea). News sheet of the First Vorarlberg Malacolosian Society, 3: 30-33, Rankweil, 1995 PDF .
- ↑ a b Orcula dolium in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. Posted by: Falkner, G. & von Proschwitz, T., 2010. Accessed February 15, 2014.
- ↑ Manfred Colling, Gerhard Falkner, Klaus Groh, Jürgen H. Jungbluth, Matthias Klemm, Hans-Jörg Niederhöfer, Wolfgang Rähle, Günter Schmid: Red List and Species Directory of Snails and Mussels in Baden-Württemberg 2008 PDF
- ↑ JH Jungbluth, D. von Knorre (with the assistance of U. von Bössneck, K. Groh, E. Hackenberg, H. Kobialka, G. Körnig, H. Menzel-Harloff, H.-J. Niederhöfer, S. Petrick, K Schniebs, V. Wiese, W. Wimmer, ML Zettler): Red list of internal mollusks [snails (Gastropoda) and mussels (Bivalvia)] in Germany. Announcements of the German Malacoological Society, 81: 1-28, Frankfurt / M. 2009 PDF ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (1.3 MB)
