Gumelniţa culture
The Gumelniţa culture (German Gumelnitza culture ) is a Copper Age culture between 4600 and 4250 BC. Boreholes in Pietrele reveal further, not yet excavated horizons up to around 5200 BC. Expect. The Gumelnitza culture follows the Boian culture in the Great Wallachia , the Hamangia culture in the Dobrudscha , extends in the east to southern Bessarabia , and in east Bulgaria to the Balkan mountains . It is often seen as part of the Gumelnitza-Kodjadermen-Karanovo VI complex . In the east, the Cernavodă culture followed it early .
History, distribution, characteristics, meaning
The Gumelniţa culture got its name from the first discoveries in the area of the Gumelniţa massif. They were made by the Romanian archaeologist Vasile Pârvan in 1922. As a further scientist, Vladimir Dumitrescu came to his aid, who as early as the spring of 1924 presented the first collection of ceramics, stone tools and art objects to prehistorians from all over the world. Systematic on-site investigations have been carried out since 1925.
The Gumelniţa culture was the first major cultural association between the southern Balkans ( Dikili Tash , Sitagroi ) and the Carpathian Mountains . Local peculiarities have been partially preserved, as evaluations of the Varna cemetery show.
The Gumelniţa culture is divided into the main phases A and B. In the east, the Gumelniţa culture encountered the beginning Cernavodă I culture . In other regions ( Muntenia , Dobruja, Thrace , Balkans and southern Bessarabia) it continued to work for almost a century and is called Gumelnitza-B there .
Characteristics of the Gumelniţa culture are the predominant use of graphite- painted ceramics , the so-called black ceramics, and their death culture . The deceased were buried in a crouched position, the cemeteries were outside the settlements in orderly fields. Some skulls show notches made afterwards.
The people often settled on hilltops, on islands, near springs. They lived mainly from agriculture and animal husbandry, but also from hunting. Their houses had floors of rammed earth, for the walls rammed wooden posts were braided with flexible whips and filled with clay and straw. Nearby were workshops, slaughterhouses, stables, common rooms and places of worship. Peaceful trade took place between the individual branches. The tools were made from animal bones, horn and flint. One found z. B. large axes with long blades, arrows, harpoons, hoes, but also jewelry. The processing and use of copper is for 4600 BC. Until the end around 4250 BC CHr. evidenced by 14C dates. Gold is also proven.
The anthropomorphic statuettes made of bones or clay are conspicuous . Of these, about a third bore female features, only one percent male, the rest are indifferent.
Web links
- Gumelnitza culture, a short introduction (Romanian)
- Boian culture (Romanian)
- Culture Cernavoda (Romanian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Norbert Benecke, Svend Hansen, Dirk Nowacki, Agathe Reingruber, Kenneth Ritchie and Jürgen Wunderlich. Pietrele in the Lower Danube region: Integrating archaeological, faunal and environmental investigations. Documenta Praehistorica XL (2013). DOI> 10.4312 \ dp.40.14
- ↑ Biography and academic achievement see Romanian Wikipedia (Romanian)
- ↑ a b c d e The Gumelnita civilization ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
