Heme games
Hämespiele (MHD. Hem (i) sch = devious , maliciously , malignant triumphantly to MHG. Hem = seek to harm ) is the generic name , with the in game psychology and educational games are summarized a number of different forms of play, in which the damage joy of the players a central role.
Characteristics of the Hämespiele
_030.png)
According to Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk and other game theorists, gaming in its most forms thrives on the tension of being able to lose or win. This gaming argument is most clearly expressed in games of chance or fighting games . In the heme games, the winner or his fellow players are not satisfied with their own victory or the defeat of a fellow player. The main attraction of the game is an additional mockery of the loser. The teammates indulge in the cynical sentence “Schadenfreude is the best joy” and delight in the clumsiness, inferiority or lack of luck of other players through certain gestures (finger points) or sayings ( mockery ). These are forms of play in which fellow players are laughed at, ridiculed, marginalized, belittled, thrown out of the game, even insulted. This is the central idea of the game and expressly part of the rules. Those who take part in the game submit to these rules. He has the opportunity to triumph over others. But he can also become the target of ridicule from others. In free play, some children like to join the ranks of scoffers, but are extremely affected when it hits them themselves.
Examples of heme games
- Free play of the children
Heme games exist as long as there is gambling, even if they are not always categorized accordingly. In the free children's game that is not organized by adults, heme games can be observed particularly frequently. They range from teasing games in which a child in good faith is sent a portion of 'Haumichblau' to go shopping, to ' April Fool 's Day Games' to games in which the face is blackened ('Black Peter') or items of clothing are removed. A popular children's game that has been known for generations is also ' The fleeing wallet ', in which passers-by are fooled and frightened.
- Organized children's game
In children's camps and even in kindergartens you can often find heme games like the old children's game 'There is the goose thief':
The children move in a circle according to the sung verses:
Whoever stole the goose is a thief . But whoever brings them back, I love them .
According to this, every child quickly looks for a partner to hug. Since the playgroup requires an uneven number of players, a child inevitably remains without a partner. The children point with their index finger at the remaining child and sing:
There is the goose thief , nobody loves him anymore .
- TV show
The quiz show The weakest flies with the presenter Sonja Zietlow, broadcast for a while by the broadcaster RTL, is one of the most drastic forms of heme game: The winner of this question-and-answer game played in front of an audience of millions was able to win large sums of money and this for a non-profit, himself Donate chosen purpose. But whoever was defeated in the tactically oriented elimination match was adopted with cynical, disparaging remarks, which almost regularly caused bitterness or tears even in the adult participants presented in this way.
Psychological effects of heme games
There are harmless and drastic forms of heme games. They can be graded according to the degree and character of the malice and the corresponding effect on those involved:
Fool Games like the fun clean laying a clueless April 1, or board games with the blackening of the loser as are the "Black Peter" or the "Teller magic" to the generally accepted forms of Hämespielen.
The game becomes more cruel when fellow players on their knees and with other gestures of humility and self-humiliation have to beg for a pledge back. Heme games that leave permanent injuries and a desire for revenge are highly problematic.
A detailed discussion of the pros and cons of the Hämespiele can be found in Warwitz / Rudolf. The proponents assert arguments such as the natural need to simply have fun in a game without educational ambitions, to be able to laugh at yourself and others, or to learn to tolerate frustration on the harmless level of play. On the other hand, however, considerable concerns are raised about the sometimes serious effects on the psyche, the joy of playing or the behavior of the players following the game. Tears, tiredness of playing, indifference, withdrawal behavior, hatred, vindictiveness can be the immediate and long-term consequences of such games if they leave the individual no place of retreat. There is no consoling “hug” or the frequent phrase “It's just a game.” “The next time is another one.” The depth psychological effects on the often very sensitive and unstable mental state of children, the games Take it extremely seriously and personally, is often misunderstood or underestimated by inexperienced game masters, and learning to tolerate frustration is overestimated. Especially by younger children, malice behavior is perceived as a radical attack on the sensitive sense of honor and as a humiliation, which is not easily forgiven.
Educational evaluation
In game education , heme games are among the controversial forms of play. In terms of ethical assessment, they rank behind war games , which are often not recognized as such and often unconsciously even played by avowed pacifists, e.g. B. the dodgeball game , the chess game or other symbol games with a clearly warlike game idea. Because of its partly obvious but also empirically verifiable harmful effects on the psyche of the individual as well as the playgroup's attitude to play and the play atmosphere, the heme game is used extremely cautiously in professional education or even completely rejected. But this means a renunciation of the bandwidth of play and a displacement into the space of free play. A pedagogically oriented version of the Hämespiele are the "boo and bravo games", in which the players are asked to say or write down something negative and something positive about the other players in the game round.
See also
literature
- J. Bilstein et al. a. (Ed.): Anthropology and pedagogy of the game . Weinheim 2005
- FJJ Buytendijk: The essence and meaning of the game . Berlin 1933
- R. Caillois: The games and the people: mask and intoxication . Frankfurt a. M. - Berlin - Vienna 1982
- W. Einsiedler: The children's game. On the pedagogy and psychology of children's play . Bad Heilbrunn 3rd edition 1999
- Andreas Flitner (Ed.): The children's game . Munich 4th edition 1978
- M. Kolb: Play as a Phenomenon - The Play Phenomenon . Cologne 1990
- H. Mogel: Psychology of children's games: from the earliest games to computer games . Berlin 3rd edition 2008
- Rolf Oerter: Psychology of the game. Weinheim 2nd edition 1997
- Anita Rudolf, Siegbert A. Warwitz: Playing - rediscovered. Freiburg (Herder) 1982
- Hans Scheuerl: The game. Investigations into its nature, its pedagogical possibilities and limits . 11th edition, Weinheim and Basel 1990.
- Siegbert A. Warwitz, Anita Rudolf: From the sense of playing. Reflections and game ideas . 4th edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, ISBN 978-3-8340-1664-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Gerhard Truig: German dictionary. Gütersloh 1970, column 1636
- ↑ FJJ Buytendijk: the nature and meaning of the game. Berlin 1933
- ↑ M. Kolb: Play as a Phenomenon - The Play Phenomenon. Cologne 1990
- ↑ Rolf Oerter: Psychology of the game. 2nd edition, Weinheim 1997
- ^ Siegbert A. Warwitz, Anita Rudolf: Hämespiele . In: Dies .: The sense of playing. Reflections and game ideas . 4th edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, p. 152 f
- ↑ H. Mogel: Psychology of children's games: From the earliest games to computer games. 3rd edition, Berlin 2008
- ^ R. Caillois: The games and the people: Mask and intoxication '. Frankfurt a. M. - Berlin - Vienna 1982
- ^ Siegbert A. Warwitz, Anita Rudolf: From the sense of playing. Reflections and game ideas . 4th edition, Baltmannsweiler 2016, p. 160
- ↑ J. Bilstein et al. a. (Ed.): Anthropology and pedagogy of the game . Weinheim 2005
- ^ Siegbert A. Warwitz, Anita Rudolf: Hämespiele . In: Dies .: The sense of playing. Reflections and game ideas . 4th edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, pp. 152–160
- ↑ Hans Scheuerl: The game. Investigations into its nature, its pedagogical possibilities and limits . 11th edition, Weinheim and Basel 1990
- ^ Siegbert A. Warwitz, Anita Rudolf: From the sense of playing. Reflections and game ideas . 4th edition, Verlag Schneider, Baltmannsweiler 2016, pp. 126–160
- ↑ W. Einsiedler: The children's game. On the pedagogy and psychology of children's play . 3rd edition, Bad Heilbrunn 1999
- ↑ A. Rudolf, SA Warwitz: Boo and Bravo Games. In: Dies .: Playing - rediscovered . Freiburg (Herder) 1982, p. 55 ff