Heresy of Orléans

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Robert II at the service in Orléans Cathedral . Robinet Testard , Grandes Chroniques de France , around 1471, Paris , Bibliothèque nationale de France , Fr.2609, f.144v.

The Orléans Heresy was a heresy reported in several texts and chronicles of the 11th century. In 1022 the Capetian king's command to Robert II. About twelve high scholars from the field of Queen Constance of Arles as heretics burned, including the canons of the Cathedral of Orléans . It is the first known cremation of the Christian Middle Ages . In terms of both the severity of the punishment and the level of education of the accused, the Orléans affair, which has also gone down in the history books as the “scholarly heresy”, was a unique event that took place during the so-called “heretical spring” in the 11th century happened.

The teaching of the heretics of Orléans, which has been tried without much success to relate to the previous and subsequent heresies, has questioned the role of the act of grace and the sale of ecclesiastical sacraments ; she preferred an inner spiritual search, accompanied by a strict asceticism . The heretics questioned the authority of the bishops , whose lay investiture was less and less tolerated, especially in the context of a church reform movement that was widely accepted in medieval society. In terms of their radicalism, however, the theological innovations required went far beyond the modernization of the church and implied a profound change in the social order of the medieval Christian West . For this reason, the secular and ecclesiastical officials endeavored to stigmatize the dissenters with all severity through exemplary condemnation and punishment .

On the other hand, the Orléans heresy has to be seen in the context of a political dispute between King Robert II and the Count of Blois Odo II : although Orléans belonged to the Domaine royal and was an important royal residence, its neighboring rulers, the Counts of Blois , not about to influence the Orleans episcopate. Your candidate Odolric de Broyes , a relative of the Blois family , was able to successfully prevail in 1022 against the previous Bishop Dietrich II of Orléans , who was favored by the king . In a synod convened by the king himself, he was forced to dismiss because he was close to the queen and the heretics.

literature

  • Georges Duby : L'An Mil. Julliard, Paris 1974.
  • Robert-Henri Bautier (ed.): L'hérésie d'Orléans et le mouvement intellectuel au début du xie siècle. Documents et hypothèses. In: Actes du 95e congrès national des sociétés savantes. Reims 1970. Section philologie et histoire jusqu'à 1610, Vol. I: enseignement et vie intellectuelle. Paris 1975, pp. 63-88.
  • Jean-Pierre Poly, Éric Bournazel: La mutation féodale. xe-xie siècle. Presses universitaires de France, Paris 1980, ISBN 2-13-036117-X .
  • Dominique Barthélemy: Les hérétiques de l'An Mil . L'Histoire, no 156, 1992, pp. 22-31.
  • Heinrich Fichtenau : Heretics and scholars in the High Middle ages, 1000-1200. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-271-04374-1 .
  • Huguette Taviani-Carozzi: Une histoire "édifiante": l'hérésie d'Orléans en 1022. In: Faire l'évènement au Moyen Âge. Aix-en-Provence 2007, pp. 275-298.
  • Laurent Jégou: L'évêque, juge de paix: l'autorité épiscopale et le règlement des conflits entre Loire et Elbe (milieu viiie-milieu xie siècle). Brepols, 2011, ISBN 978-2-503-54085-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Bertrand, Bruno Dumézil, Xavier Hélary, Sylvie Joye, Charles Mériaux, Isabelle Rosé: Pouvoirs, Église et société dans les royaumes de France, de Bourgogne et de Germanie aux xe et xie siècles (888- vers 1110). Ellipses, 2008, p. 302.
  2. Richard Landes : La vie apostolique en Aquitaine en l'an mil, Paix de Dieu, culte des reliques et communautés hérétiques ( Memento of the original of September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.persee.fr archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . in: Annales "Économies, Sociétés, Civilizations" , vol 46, n ° 3, EHESS , Paris 1991, p. 579.