Siren low

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Map of the Mariana Trench with the Sirena Depth and the Challenger Depth

The Sirenatief ( Engl. Sirena Deep ), initially HMRG low after be discovered Hawaii Mapping Research Group named, is a sea depth in the Mariana Trench . It is located 145 km south of Guam in the Trench Unit of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument , a designated National Monument of the United States of America. The depth of the Sirena Depth is given with values ​​of 10,732 m and 10,714 m.

history

Sounding from board the USFC Albatross

During the Challenger expedition on March 23, 1875 southwest of the Mariana Islands a surprising depth of 4,475  fathoms (8,184 m) was sounded . This was the first indication that these waters are exceptionally deep. Later soundings helped to identify the extent of the Mariana Trench. In November 1899 crew members of the USS Nero plumbed a depth of 5,269 fathoms (9,636 m) and in February 1900 a water depth of (8,802 m) was determined on a USFC Albatross voyage southeast of Guam. The German geographer Otto Krümmel published the first correct map of the Mariana Trench in an edition of his Handbuch der Ozeanographie in 1907 .

In 1997 and 2001, scientists from the Hawaii Mapping Research Group (HMRG) at the University of Hawaii mapped the ocean floor around the arch of the Mariana Islands. The results of these investigations were published in 2003 in the Earth and Planetary Science Letters under the title Why is the Challenger Deep so deep? released. In it, the researchers also described a previously unknown low - the HMRG Deep. This is where the East Santa Rosa Bank disorder ( Engl. East Santa Rosa Bank Fault) strikes the grave axis of the Mariana Trench. On January 6, 2009, George W. Bush proclaimed that large parts of the Mariana Trench would be designated as a protected area. Since then, the Sirenatief has been under conservation as part of the Trench Unit of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument. In June 2009, Patricia Fryer, together with Samuel M. Hulme and Linda Tatreau, initiated a competition to find a new name for the HMRG Tief that relates to Guam's history, culture or language. The name Sirena Deep was selected from the submissions.

exploration

In July 2011, scientists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the National Geographic Society placed lander in Sirenatief and recorded videos from them on the ocean floor. Xenophyophores were observed at depths of up to 10,641 m and cnidarians from the Rhopalonematidae family at a depth of 9,970 m. The HADES Mariana Trench Expedition followed at the end of 2014 with the participation of the US Schmidt Ocean Institute . Five lander were used, with which it is not only possible to obtain film and sound recordings, but also to take rock and sediment samples and measured values ​​and to catch residents of the Benthal for investigations. Researchers led by Scottish marine biologist Alan J. Jamieson found greatly increased concentrations of PCBs in the captured amphipods .

The deep-sea submersible Limiting Factor on the stern boom of the mother ship Pressure Drop

Alan Jamieson explored the Mariana Trench again in 2019 as part of the Five Deeps Expedition and dived together with the pilot Victor Vescovo on May 7, 2019 with the deep-sea submersible Limiting Factor in the Sirena Deep.

literature

  • Patricia Fryer, Nathan Becker, Bruce Appelgate, Fernando Martinez, Margo Edwards, Gerard Fryer: Why is the Challenger Deep so deep? In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters , Volume 211, No. 3 and 4, 2003, ISSN  0012-821X , pp. 259–269 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00202-4) .
  • Kevin Peter Hand, Douglas Hoyt Bartlett, Patricia Fryer, Logan M. Peoples, Kenneth H. Williford, Amy E. Hofmann, James Cameron : Discovery of novel structures at 10.7 km depth in the Mariana Trench may reveal chemolithoautotrophic microbial communities In: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers , Volume 160, No. 6, 2020, ISSN  0967-0637 , ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103238 ).
  • Albert E. Theberge: Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench In: Hydro International , Volume 12, No. 8, 2008, ISSN  1385-4569 , pp. 38-39 ( online as PDF ; 96.1 kB).
  • Alan Jamieson: The hadal zone - life in the deepest oceans. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2015, ISBN 978-1-10-701674-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Patricia Fryer, Nathan Becker, Bruce Appelgate, Fernando Martinez, Margo Edwards, Gerard Fryer: Why is the Challenger Deep so deep? . Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 211, Nos. 3 and 4, 2003, doi : 10.1016 / S0012-821X (03) 00202-4 , pp. 259-269.
  2. ^ Establishment of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument
  3. ^ Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep
  4. ^ Albert E. Theberge: Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench . Hydro International Volume 12, No. 8, 2008, online version of the article on the discovery of the Mariana Trench (PDF; 96.1 kB) pp. 38–39
  5. ↑ Friends of the Mariana Trench's blog on the naming competition , accessed on December 29, 2019.
  6. ^ Report by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on the sighting of xenophyophores in Sirena Depth
  7. ↑ Mark Schrope: Exploring the Mariana Trench . November 2014, overview of the HADES expedition
  8. ^ Jeff Drazen: Studying the Ecology and Geology of the Mariana Trench - the deepest place on earth . November 9, 2014, blog entry about the start of the HADES expedition
  9. ↑ Author unknown: 11,000 Meters Under the Sea - Meet Schmidt Ocean Institute's New Landers: Part One . November 1, 2014, website with details on the lands of the Schmidt Ocean Institute
  10. ↑ Alan J. Jamieson, Tamas Malkocs, Stuart B. Piertney, Toyonobu Fujii, Zulin Zhang: Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna . Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, Article 0051, 2017, doi : 10.1038 / s41559-016-0051 .
  11. ↑ Unknown author: Environmental toxins even in the deep sea trench Surprisingly high PCB values ​​in supposedly untouched deep sea . scinexx das Wissensmagazin, February 14, 2017, German-language article about the high PCB concentrations in the amphipods
  12. ↑ Entry from May 7, 2019 in the Pacific Ocean Expedition Blog of the Five Deeps Expedition ( Memento from May 22, 2019 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 22, 2019.

Web links

Coordinates: 12 ° 4 ′ 0 ″  N , 144 ° 35 ′ 0 ″  E