Hafsa bint ʿUmar

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Shrine in the Bab-as-Saghir cemetery near Damascus , which is attributed to Hafsa bint Umar.

Hafsa bint ʿUmar ( Arabic حفصة بنت عمر, DMG Ḥafṣa bint ʿUmar * at 604 or 606 ; † between 661 and 665 in Medina ) was a wife of the Prophet Mohammed and thus one of the mothers of the believers .

Early life

Hafsa was the daughter of the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab and Zaynab bint Maz'un . Her mother Zaynab is the sister of Uthman ibn Maz'un , a companion of Mohammad . She was born five years before the calling of the Prophet in the year when the Kaaba was rebuilt by the Quraish , i.e. H. she was born between 605 and 606 AD.

Married life

She was initially married to Chunais ibn Hudhafa , emigrated with him to Medina and became a widow after the death of her husband on the way back from the Battle of Badr .

After her husband's death, she married Mohammad on the 3rd of Shaban in AD 625, two or three months before the battle of Uhud . There are historical reports that her father Umar first offered her hand to Abu Bakr and 'Uthman ibn Affan , but they refused. When Umar went to Mohammed to complain about it, Mohammed reportedly replied: “ Hafsa will marry someone better than Uthman, and Uthman better than Hafsa. “These historical reports are controversial. Mohammad made her a bride present ( mahr ) of 400 dirhams . Hafsa was between 19 and 20 years old and without children when she married 55 year old Mohammad.

According to al-Balādhurī , a woman named Shafa, the daughter of 'Abdullah al-'Adwiyya, who was an educated woman in pre-Islamic times , taught Hafsa to read and write on the orders of Mohammad.

Hafsa and Aisha were involved in several intrigues against Mohammad. Among other things, because of her jealousy of the other wife Zainab bint Jahsch, the first five verses of Sura 66 were revealed as a warning to the two.

In the time of Uthman

After the death of Mohammad and during the time when Uthman ibn Affan ruled as the third caliph, Hafsa demanded that her maid should be killed because her maid had bewitched her. But Uthman doubted this.

It is reported that Hafsa asked a Qur'anic scribe to call her when he came to verse 238 of the second sura , so that he could write the verse as she wanted.

At the will of her late father, she also preserved the Koran manuscripts that were compiled during the Abu Bakr caliphate and, in the course of standardizing the Koran, gave Uthman the manuscripts that were later returned to her. The copies are no longer available today.

Role in the camel battle

When Aisha rebelled against the fourth caliph 'Ali ibn Abi Talib in the camel battle , Hafsa decided to accompany Aisha as well. However, Hafsa was talked out of it by her brother. In contrast to Aisha, she followed Mohammad's urgent warning to his wives not to leave their homes after his death, according to the instructions of the Koran in 33:33.

When 'Ali arrived at a place called Ziqar, Aisha sent a letter to Hafsa describing how Ali and his forces were besieged. Hafsa was so delighted that she gathered the children of the Banu Taym and Banu 'Adi tribes and ordered her maids to recite poetry and cheer with happiness. Umm Salama , a wife of the Prophet, was very sad when she heard about it and allowed Umm Kulthum , a daughter of 'Ali, to attend Hafsa's festival anonymously. Umm Kulthum should blame Hafsa for their celebrations on behalf of Umm Salama. Hafsa was ashamed and ended the party.

death

There is disagreement about the time of her death. Most historians, such as Ibn Sa'd and al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar, have dated their deaths 45 years after the Hijra and 665 years AD, respectively. According to other sources, she died between AD 661 and 665. Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who was governor of Medina at the time, said her funeral prayer . She was buried in the al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. There is also a grave in the Bab-as-Saghir cemetery in Damascus that is attributed to her.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad : Tabaqat . Volume 8. Translated by A. Bewley (1995): The Women of Madina . Ta-Ha Publishers, London, p. 56.
  2. ↑ Mu'ammar ibn Muthanna Abu 'Ubayda: Tasmiyat azwaj al-Nabi wa awladihi . Edited by Kamal Yusuf Hut. Beirut, 1410 AH (1990), p. 59.
  3. ↑ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat . Volume 8, p. 81.
  4. ↑ Al-Baladhuri : Jumal min ansab al-ashraf . Volume 2, p. 54.
  5. ↑ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat . Volume 3, p. 393; Volume 8, p. 81.
  6. ↑ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat . Volume 8, pp. 81-83.
  7. ↑ Mu'ammar ibn Muthanna Abu 'Ubayda: Tasmiyat azwaj al-Nabi wa awladihi . Edited by Kamal Yusuf Hut. Beirut, 1410 AH (1990), p. 60; Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat . Volume 8, 83.
  8. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Volume 4, p. 294
  9. ↑ Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat . Volume 4, p. 84.
  10. ↑ Laura Veccia Vaglieri : "Ḥafṣa" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Vol. III, pp. 63b-65b.
  11. ^ Cf. al-Balādhurī : K. Futūḥ al-buldān . Ed. MJ De Goeje. Leiden 1866. p. 472. Digitized
  12. ↑ See Quran 66: 1-5
  13. ↑ Malik ibn Anas: Al-Muwatta ' . Ed. Muhammad Fu'ad 'Abd al-Baqi. Cairo, 1370 AH (1951), Vol. 2, p. 87; Al-Shafi'i, Volume 1, p. 293.
  14. ↑ Ibn Abi Dawud: al-Masahif . P. 9697.
  15. ↑ Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari : Saheeh al-Bukhari . Istanbul, 1401 AH (1981), Volume 5, pp. 210ff.
  16. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari: Al-Tarikh . Beirut, Volume 4, pp. 451ff; Ibn Abi l-Hadid, Volume 6, p. 225.
  17. ↑ Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Mufid : Al-Jumal wa al-nusra li sayyid al-'itra fi harb al-Basra. Edited by 'Ali Mir Sharifi. Qom, 1374 SH, pp. 276f, p. 431.
  18. ↑ a b Muhammad Ibn Sa'd: Kitab at-Tabaqat . Volume 8, p. 86.
  19. ↑ Zubayr ibn Bakkar: Al-Muntakhab min kitab azwaj al-Nabi . Edited by Sakina Shahabi. Beirut, 1403 AH (1983), p. 40.
personal data
SURNAME Hafsa bint ʿUmar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hafsa bint Umar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Wife of Muhammad
DATE OF BIRTH at 604 or 606
DATE OF DEATH uncertain: between 661 and 665
Place of death uncertain: Medina