Hanaoka Seishu

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Hanaoka Seishū, picture of unknown origin
Illustration from Hanaoka's book Kishitsu geryō zukan: kan ( 竒 疾 外 療 図 卷 完 , "Illustrations of strange diseases and their surgical treatment")

Hanaoka Seishū ( Japanese 華 岡 青 洲 ; * November 30, 1760 in Hirayama, Kii Province (today: Kinokawa , Wakayama Prefecture ) as Hanaoka Umpei ( 華 岡 雲 平 ); † November 21, 1835 ) was a Japanese doctor who first mastectomy (breast cancer operation) performed under anesthesia or thus the first verifiable operation under successful general anesthesia.

Life

Hanaoka went to Kyoto in 1782 , where he studied internal medicine with Yoshimasu Nangai ( 吉 益 南 涯 ) for three months . His father, Yoshimasu Tōdō, was one of the leading representatives of the "old school" ( 古 医 方 派 , koihō-ha ), which rejected the Chinese concepts that emerged after the Song era and referred to texts such as the Shānghán lùn ("Treatise on the cold Diseases ”, 傷寒 論 ) emphasized the importance of personal observations and experiences. He then worked for a year at Yamato Kenryū ( 大 和 見 立 ) on "surgery in the style of Caspar", the oldest central European surgical tradition in Japan, which goes back to the German surgeon Caspar Schamberger . He also immersed himself in the teachings of Irako Dōgyū ( 伊 良 子 道 牛 ), who combined Western and Chinese traditions. Among the writings that he collected during this time , the Manyū zakki ( 漫遊 雑 記 ) written by Nagatomi Dokushōan ( 永富 独 嘯 庵 ) should be mentioned, through which he became aware of the treatment of breast cancer.

In 1785 Hanaoka returned home and took over his father's practice. On October 13, 1804, Hanaoka performed a mastectomy, using a self-developed anesthetic, which he called Tsūsensan ( 通 仙 散 ). His patient was the 60-year-old Kan ( 勘 ) from Gojō , whose whole family died of breast cancer. More mastectomies followed, which attracted a large number of students. Today one can find contemporary illustrated manuscripts describing the course of his operations in almost all regions of Japan. He performed a total of 156 mastectomies.

As a result of the restricted flow of information between Japan and abroad (isolation policy, Sakoku ), Hanaoka's pioneering achievements were only known in the West around the middle of the 19th century, when the use of diethyl ether had spread since Crawford Williamson Long's first attempts with ether vapors (1842) .

Tsūsensan

The effect of his anesthetic Tsūsensan ( 通 仙 散 ), also called Mafutsusan ( 麻 沸 散 ), sets in after 2 to 4 hours and first leads to insensitivity to pain and then to unconsciousness . The active ingredients are scopolamine , hyoscyamine / atropine , aconitine and angelicotoxin. The effect lasts for 4 to 24 hours.

He developed the remedy, based on older Chinese recipes, initially through animal experiments. After that, his mother Otsugi ( 於 継 ) and his wife Kae ( 加 恵 ) served as test subjects, the latter going blind.

Tsūsensan consists of Datura metel (syn. Datura alba ; 曼陀羅 華 / 曼荼羅 華 , Mandarage ) and 2 parts each of Aconitum japonicum ( 草烏 頭 , Kusauzu ), Angelica dahurica ( 白芷 / 白 止 , Byakushi ), Angelica decursiva ( 当 帰 , Tōki ), Selinum striatum ( syn.Ligusticum wallichii ; 川芎 / 川 弓 , Senkyū ). Occasionally 1 or 2 parts of Arisaema serratum (syn. Arisaema japonicum ; 天南星 , Tennanshō ) are listed as a component.

Mentions

The well-known Japanese writer Ariyoshi Sawako wrote the novel Kae and her rival ( 華 岡 青 洲 の 妻 , Hanaoka Seishū no tsuma ) in 1966 . This is based on Hanaoka's life, especially the experiments, mixed with a fictional conflict between his mother and his wife.

literature

  • Akitomo Matsuki: Seishu Hanaoka and His Medicine. A Japanese Pioneer of Anesthesia and Surgery . Hirosaki University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-4-902774-68-9 .
  • Masaru Izuo: Medical History: Seishu Hanaoka and His Success in Breast Cancer Surgery Under General Anesthesia Two Hundred Years Ago . In: Breast Cancer . Volume 11, No. 4 , p. 319-324 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02968037 , PMID 15604985 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Masaru Izuo: Medical History: Seishu Hanaoka and His Success in Breast Cancer Surgery Under General Anesthesia Two Hundred Years Ago . In: Breast Cancer . Volume 11, No. 4 , p. 319 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02968037 , PMID 15604985 .
  2. ↑ Rafael A. Ortega, Christine Mai: History of anesthesia . In: Charles A. Vacanti, Pankaj K. Sikka, Richard D. Urman, Mark Dershwitz, B. Scott Segal (Eds.): Essential Clinical Anesthesia . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-72020-5 , pp. 1–2 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ^ Noel Perrin: Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879 . David R. Godine, Boston 1979, ISBN 0-87923-773-2 , pp. 86 .
  4. ↑ Akira Hori: The first general anesthetic: 1804 in Japan . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . tape 88 , no. 47 , November 21, 1991 ( digitized version ).
  5. ↑ Monthly information sheet of the Japanese Consulate General in Hamburg: Japan at a glance . Edition 33 / April 1999 ( Memento of the original dated August 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hamburg.emb-japan.go.jp
  6. ↑ Chosen-asagao and the recipe for Seishu Hanaoka's general anesthetic, tsusensan
  7. ↑ a b Shiga Medical College: History of Analgesia

Web links

Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . So Hanaoka is the family name, Seishū the first name.
personal data
SURNAME Hanaoka, Seishu
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 華 岡 青 洲 (Japanese); 華 岡 雲 平 (childhood name, Japanese); Hanaoka Umpei (childhood name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION performed the world's first operation with anesthesia
DATE OF BIRTH November 30, 1760
PLACE OF BIRTH Hirayama, Kii Province (now: Kinokawa , Wakayama Prefecture )
DATE OF DEATH November 21, 1835