Ocean marine

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The term deep- sea ​​navy describes the strategic orientation and war capability of a naval force to operate beyond the coastal waters of their country on the high seas and in deep waters. British political scientist David Scott estimates the permanent operational range of such a force as at least 200 miles (approximately 320 km) from the coast .

In English, in which a distinction between the marine types was first made, this alignment is referred to as blue-water navy , in the United Kingdom also as expeditionary navy (German: "Expedition Navy").

Differentiation of terms and capabilities of a deep sea marine

Traditionally, Anglo-Saxon military science differentiated between a blue-water navy and a brown-water navy , which is limited to operations in the coastal region. The United States Navy developed the additional category of green-water navy . With this new classification, the green-water navy replaced the brown -water navy in the doctrine discussion , while the US Navy reduced the term brown-water navy to an operational capability in inland waters such as rivers and lakes .

In modern warfare, however, the term deep-sea navy does not only require individual deep-sea capacities with certain units, but a self-contained, sustained ability to avert danger from below, on and above the water surface. This precludes the possibility of regular, extensive patrol trips in the association as well as the corresponding logistics, training and armament.

According to the maritime lawyer Alexander S. Skaridow, the conversion of naval forces to deep-sea navies will increase, which makes an increased use of foreign exclusive economic zones foreseeable.

The development from a coastal navy to a deep-sea navy is currently being carried out most clearly in the Navy of the People's Republic of China , which is undertaking this strategic development in two steps. As early as the 1950s, Chinese military doctrine provided for a gradual expansion of maritime capacities. The People's Republic of China benefited from a general neglect of naval warfare in view of the direct threat posed by the Soviet Army on land.

Above all, deep-sea marines serve a task that is broader than that of other types of navy, but this does not necessarily make them superior to a navy that only operates in coastal or inland waters. A deep-sea navy, for example, is dependent on particularly task-covering units and functioning logistics (possibly with bases abroad) and on small, fast, agile and quietly operating units of all kinds such as surface-to-surface missiles , speedboats and diesel submarines particularly vulnerable. An example of this is the attack on the USS Cole in 2000.

The question of whether Europe should operate its own offshore capacities preoccupied NATO after the conflict over the double decision in the 1980s. In an essay for SPIEGEL in 1984, Robert Komer, under President Carter State Secretary in the United States ' Department of Defense , criticized the vulnerability of the American deep-sea fleet and questioned the effectiveness of additional European capacities in view of the weakness of the ground forces in Europe: "It is even very questionable whether whether a deep-sea navy can make a significant contribution to NATO's strategy at all as long as NATO's ground forces are so weak. Of course, the protection of the Atlantic sea connections by superior naval forces would be essential to strengthen NATO - if a conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact lasts longer than about a month. "

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. Scott, David: India's Drive for a Blue-Water Navy , in: Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Winter 2007-08, Volume. 10, issue 2, p. 1.
  2. ^ " I notice that you've added a color code to the Navy's mission area. You've added green to the traditional blue and brown. ". Admiral Michael Mullen in an October 13, 2005 interview published on Navy.mil . Accessed May 27, 2008.
  3. ↑ " Many States are converting green water navies to blue water navies and this will increase military use of foreign EEZs, with possible repercussions for the EEZ regime. ". Alexander S. Skaridow: Naval activity in the foreign EEZ — the role of terminology in law regime , Marine Policy , Volume 29, Issue 2, March 2005, pp. 153-155. First published on the Internet: November 11, 2004. Accessed May 28, 2008.
  4. ↑ Robert Komer: America's False Fleet . In: Der Spiegel . No. 21 , 1984, pp. 76-77 ( online ).