Hunain

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Hunain ( Arabic حنين, DMG Ḥunain ) was the name of a water-rich, palm-lined wadi between Mecca and at-Tā'if on the western slope of the Sarāt Mountains in the Hejaz . It was the site of a famous battle that took place immediately after Muhammad conquered Mecca on January 31, 630. This battle is mentioned as the “day of Hunain” ( yaum Ḥunain ) in the Koran (Sura 9:25). In the early ninth century, Zubaida bint Jafar , the wife of the Abbasid caliph Hārūn ar-Rashīd (r. 786-809), built an aqueduct that channeled water from Hunain into the line of ʿAyn al-Muschāsh , which was the foundation in the 9th century the Meccan water supply formed. The ʿAin Bāzān , which was uncovered in 1326 by Amīr Tschūpān , probably got its water at least partially from the place. It was renamed ʿAin Hunain in the second half of the 15th century.

Location and naming

The information about the location of Hunain by the Arab geographers are not very precise. According to al-Wāqidī , the wadi was three nights' camp away from Mecca. The same author calls it a rugged Tihāma valley. Abū ʿUbaid al-Bakrī refers to Hunain as a wadi between Mecca and at-Tā'if, which was more than ten miles from Mecca. Others located Hunain at Dhū l-Madschāz . Within the wadi of Hunain were gardens with palm trees and fruit fields. The water that irrigated these gardens came from a high mountain called Tād.

Yāqūt ar-Rūmī explains the name Ḥunain as a diminutive form either to the Arabic word ḥanān ("love, tenderness") or to ḥinn ("tribe of the jinn "). It was also said that it was named after an Amalekite named Hunain ibn Qāniya ibn Mihlā'īl.

The Saudi historian ʿĀtiq al-Bilādī (d. 2010) identified Hunain with today's Wadi al-Sharā'iʿ, which the road from Mecca to at-Tā'if passes by. This wadi, which is now inhabited by Sherif and members of the Hudhail tribe, is 26 kilometers east of the Holy Mosque in Mecca and 11 kilometers from the border of the Haram on the artery into the Najd . In the upper part it is called Wadi as-Sadr , in the lower part asch-Sharā'iʿ . The water then flows into Wadi ʿUrana and then north past Dhū l-Madschāz. A side valley is the Wadi Yad Nān.

The battle of Hunain

The Battle of Hunain was a conflict between Mohammed and the Arab tribe of the Hawāzin and their allies, which is dated to the 10th Showwāl of the year 8 of the Hijra (= January 31, 630). It began with the fact that, after the capture of Mecca by Mohammed's troops, the Arab tribes Thaqīf and Hawāzin under the leadership of Mālik ibn ʿOn mobilized all forces available to them and took up positions in the bottlenecks of the valley of Hunain in order to forestall the anticipated attack by Mohammed. Mohammed's army was surprised at Hunain by the surprise attack of the Bedouin cavalry and, despite its size, had to retreat first. The statement in sura 9:25 from the day of Hunain should refer to this fact, "when you took a liking to your multitude, but it was of no use to you and the land became narrow for you despite its vastness and you then fled" (Translated by H. Bobzin ). For a moment the prophet is also said to have been in danger. The eventual victory of Muhammad over the unbelievers is linked to statements in the Koran (Sura 9:26) in the Islamic tradition and traced back to the intervention of heavenly hosts. The Banū Nasr and the Thaqīf, who had sided with the Hawāzin in the battle, withdrew to at-Tā'if after the defeat, the Hawāzin themselves fled to Autās. Mohammed pursued them and scattered them. Later he moved to at-Tā'if and besieged the Thaqīf there.

Significant numbers of prisoners were taken at the Battle of Hunain (sources speak of 6,000 women and children) and more than 24,000 camels were captured. In the traditions about the companions of the prophets , it is usually emphasized when they stood up to Hunain, because this was considered a special merit.

The aqueduct of ʿAin Hunain

When the water shortage in Mecca at the beginning of the 9th century was severe , Zubaida bint Jafar , the wife of Hārūn ar-Raschīd , bought the garden ( ḥāʾiṭ ) of Hunain, led the water from its source into a basin and built a dam in the garden, so that the water collected in it. From there, an aqueduct led them to Mecca in order to supply the Holy City with water. The construction of this aqueduct, which was called ʿAyn al-Muschāsch , was dated to the year 194 of the Hijra (= 809/810 AD).

In 1326, Amīr Tschūpān had an old aqueduct uncovered , which carried water from the mountains east of Mecca to Mecca. This pipe, which was first called ʿAin Bāzān , then ʿAin Hunain, formed the basis of the Meccan water supply until the 1560s. It is believed that the line goes back at least in part to the ʿAyn al-Muschāsch. In the 1560s, eventually became a second water line from Wadi an-Na'mān water into the plane 'Arafāt brought renewed at great expense to Mecca, lost thereby Ayn-Hunain line in importance.

literature

  • Abū ʿUbaid al-Bakrī : Kitāb Muʿǧam mā staʿǧam . Ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld . 2 Vols. Göttingen / Paris 1876. Vol. I, p. 287. Digitized
  • ʿĀtiq ibn Ġaiṯ al-Bilādī: Maʿālim Makka at-taʾrīḫīya wa-l-aṯarīya . Dār Makka li-n-našr wa-t-tauzīʿ, Mekka, 1980. pp. 87-89. Digitized
  • ʿĀtiq ibn Ġaiṯ al-Bilādī: Muʿǧam Maʿālim al-Ḥiǧāz . 2nd edition. Muʾassasat ar-Raiyān, Beirut, 2010. pp. 510–512. Digitized
  • Ibn Hišām : Kitāb Sīrat Rasūl Allāh From d. Hs. On Berlin, Leipzig, Gotha a. Leyden ed. by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld . Göttingen 1858–59. Pp. 840-869. Digitized - German partial translation by Gernot Rotter : The life of the prophet . Goldmann, Stuttgart, 1982. pp. 220-226.
  • Henri Lammen: "Ḥunain" in Encyclopedia of Islam . Brill, Leiden, 1913-1936. Vol. II, pp. 356a-357a.
  • Quṭb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī: Kitāb al-Iʿlām bi-bait Allāh al-ḥarām . Ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld under the title The Chronicles of the City of Mecca . Volume III. Leipzig 1857. pp. 334-340. Digitized
  • Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje : Mecca . Volume I: The city and its masters. The Hague 1888. pp. 7f. Digitized
  • Al-Wāqidī: Kitāb al-Maġāzī. Ed. Marsden Jones. 3 Vols. Oxford University Press, London, 1965. Vol. I, pp. 885-922. Digitized - Shortened German translation in Julius Wellhausen : Muhammed in Medina: this is Vakidi's Kitab alMaghazi in shortened German rendering. Reimer, Berlin, 1882. pp. 176-178. Digitized
  • Ferdinand Wüstenfeld : History of the city of Mecca, edited from the Arabic chronicles. Leipzig 1861. Digitized
  • Yāqūt ar-Rūmī : Kitāb Muʿǧam al-buldān . Ed. F. Desert field. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1867. Vol. II, p. 351. Digitized
  • ʿĀtifa Zandī: "Ḥunain" in Dāʾirat-i maʿārif-i buzurg-i islāmī . Markaz-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Tehran, 1988ff. Vol. XXI, pp. 440a-441b. Digitized

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sura 9:25
  2. ↑ al-Bilādī: Muʿǧam Maʿālim al-Ḥiǧāz . 2010, p. 510.
  3. ↑ al-Bakrī: Kitāb Muʿǧam mā staʿǧam . 1876. p. 287.
  4. ^ Yāqūt: Kitāb Muʿǧam al-buldān . 1867, Vol. II, p. 351.
  5. ↑ Wüstenfeld: History of the City of Mecca . 1861, p. 186.
  6. ^ Yāqūt: Kitāb Muʿǧam al-buldān . 1867, Vol. II, p. 351.
  7. ↑ al-Bilādī: Maʿālim Makka at-taʾrīḫīya . 1980, p. 87.
  8. ↑ al-Bilādī: Muʿǧam Maʿālim al-Ḥiǧāz . 2010, pp. 511f.
  9. ↑ Sura 9:26
  10. ^ Lammen: "Ḥunain" in Encyclopedia of Islam . Vol. II, p. 356
  11. ↑ al-Bilādī: Maʿālim Makka at-taʾrīḫīya . 1980, p. 87.
  12. ^ Lammen: "Ḥunain" in Encyclopedia of Islam . Vol. II, p. 356
  13. ↑ al-Bilādī: Maʿālim Makka at-taʾrīḫīya . 1980, p. 87.
  14. ↑ al-Azraqī : Aḫbār Makka wa-mā ǧāʾ a fī-hā min al-āṯār. Ed. ʿAbd al-Malik Ibn Duhaiš. Maktabat al-Asadī, Mecca, 2003. pp. 854-856. Digitized
  15. ↑ Wüstenfeld: History of the City of Mecca . 1861, p. 186.
  16. ↑ an-Nahrawālī: Kitāb al-Iʿlām bi-bait Allāh al-ḥarām . 1857. pp. 341-350.