Incurvarioidea

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Incurvarioidea
Incurvaria masculella

Incurvaria masculella

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
without rank: Heteroneura
Superfamily : Incurvarioidea
Scientific name
Incurvarioidea
Spuler , 1898
Mines of the caterpillars of Paraclemensia acerifoliella

The Incurvarioidea is a global superfamily of butterflies (Lepidoptera) comprising about 560 species .

features

The small to very small moths have a fore wing length of 1.7 to 16 millimeters. Their head is usually rough and has hair-like (piliform) scales . In most of the moths (Heliozelidae), however, it is smooth and covered with wide scales. Point eyes ( Ocelli ) and Jordanian organs (Chaetosemata) are missing. The antennae are thread-shaped and only combed in the males of some species of the genus Incurvaria . The scapus does not cap the eyes. The haustellum is usually moderately long. In the longhorn moths (Adelidae) it is characteristically long, in the Cecidosidae it is strongly reduced or absent. It is usually scaly, only in the longhorn moths and a few yuccamoths (Prodoxidae) is it scaly basal. The maxillary palps are formed differently, but mostly five-limbed. They are rarely regressed or absent. The labial palps are usually tripartite and have a sensory organ at the tip of the third segment and upright bristles at the second segment. The labial palps are rarely bipartite or completely absent. The wings are usually equipped with the complete wing veining typical of the group of heteroneura and have a clearly recognizable disc cell on the forewings. However, the veining is more strongly reduced in the moths and the Cecidosidae. Microtrichia are generally distributed everywhere on the wing surfaces and only regressed in some genera. The frenulum in the males typically consists of a single long bristle that hooks into a triangular, subcostal lobe ( retinaculum ) below the base of the Sc artery on the forewing. The frenulum is missing in the Cecidosidae. The females have an inconspicuous frenulum that consists of two or more small, costal bristles along the base of the hind wings. The anterior rails ( tibia ) of the legs have none, those of the middle two and those of the posterior four spurs. An epiphysis is usually formed, but is absent in at least one genus in every family. On the abdomen, the second sternum is obliquely divided into a predominantly membranous anterior third (S2a) and a more sclerotized posterior part, which has slender, anterolateral processes and a pair of small wart-like cusps on both sides. There are usually two rows of tubercular plates on the pleura . One is near the lateral edge of the sterna , the other posterodorsal to the spiracles . The anterolateral processes of S2b are connected to the first sternum behind the stigma on A1 by slender, tergosternal connections. In the females, the eighth segment of the abdomen has receded and is covered by the greatly enlarged seventh sternite. The seventh tergite is less than half the size of the seventh sternite. The male genitals have 13 rows of comb-like spines (pectinifers) on the valves . These are absent in the mini-sac moths, the Adelinae, and have regressed in the Crinopterygidae and some yuccamoths. The juxta is usually elongated and either arrow-shaped or deeply forked. The ovipositor of the females is elongated and evertable. It is built in such a way that plant material can be pierced with it. There are two or more pairs of thread-like apodemes at various points on the ovipositor and the associated internal organs .

In the caterpillars , the belly legs are designed as fairly simple spurs that are arranged in one or more oblique rows. In some families, the belly legs are completely absent. The pupae carry one or more rows of spines on the terga of the abdomen.

Way of life

The caterpillars within the Incurvarioidea feed on a wide range of different food plants and their way of life is very different. In some species, older caterpillars build a quiver in which pupation takes place in the male moths and in which the longhorn moths and some miniature sac moths also develop. But there are also caterpillars that live exclusively endophageally and that do not build such quivers, such as those of the Cecidosidae and the more highly developed yuccamoths, which is probably a more developed way of life. The pupa partially frees itself from the cocoon before the butterfly hatches .

Taxonomy and systematics

The monophyly of the superfamily is based on the evertable ovipositor, which can be used to pierce plant material, the apodeme, the eighth abdominal segment covered by the seventh sternum and the shape of the juxta. The superfamily is placed within the Heteroneura in the Incurvariina group , which is considered the sister group of the Nepticulina , which includes the Nepticuloidea , Tischerioidea and the Palaephatoidea . The following families are included in the superfamily:

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 404 (English).
  2. ↑ a b c d Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 71 (English).
  3. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 407 f . (English).
  4. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 , p. 65 (English).

literature

  • Niels P. Kristensen: Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies . In: Maximilian Fischer (Ed.): Handbook of Zoology . 1st edition. tape 4 - Arthropoda: Insecta , volume 35. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 (English).