Indianismo
The Indianismo is an epoch or flow of romantic literature, painting and sculptural art of Brazil , in the idealized indigenous peoples and national identity to the anchor point is.
A national romantic trend
Indianismo has forerunners in the early colonial times with the work of the linguistic Jesuit and "Apostle of Brazil" José de Anchieta and in the epoch of sensitivity , which in Brazil is called " Arcadian Baroque ". The verse epic O Uraguai by Basílio da Gama (1769) belongs to the latter .
In contrast the culture of the mother country Portugal and European neo-classical models, but also lack the typical European medieval romance substances since about 1840/50 the romantic historical Indianismo indigenous personalities (or the or the Indigenous par) national to mythical heroes stylized. This is accompanied by the sentimental transfiguration of the Indian communities and the nature around them, as well as an increasing interest in their myths . The artists and writers refer less to their own views, but rather (at least implicitly) to the theories of the Enlightenment about the “ noble savage ” and to ideas of Jean Jacques Rousseau . It also mixes Christian paternalistic and early nationalistic tendencies.
Important representatives of the early phase of literary Indianismo are Gonçalves de Magalhães (1811–1882), Antônio Gonçalves Dias and José de Alencar with his novel trilogy O Guarani (1857), Iracema (1865) and Ubirajara (1874). In Ecuador in 1877 Juan León Mera wrote the first Spanish-language novel set in the Amazon region ( Cumandá, o Un drama entre salvajes ). The work, which oscillates between a lyrical and a realistic tone, is about a secret love affair between the son of a wealthy landowner and Cumandá, a young indigenous man, which ends tragically. Mera propagates Christianity as a way to better understanding between peoples. In the Spanish-speaking world, however, one does not speak of Indianismo with reference to his work, but of a forerunner of Indigenismo .
In painting, Victor Meirelles (or Meireles), later Rodolfo Amoedo , who of course painted his best pictures in Europe, and Antônio Parreira's main exponents of Indianismo. Characteristic are, on the one hand, the often lavish and fantastic costumes of the indigenous actors, on the other hand, the adaptation of the physiognomies and skin color to Europeans.
Later phases and currents of Indianismo
Related to Indianismo are the poesia negra , the "black poetry" of the opponents of slavery, and the Condoreirismo (or Condorismo ). It is a current from around 1860 to 1880, which is also referred to as the “third phase” of Brazilian romanticism. Its main representative is the outstanding lyric poet Antônio de Castro Alves ( Os escravos , "The Slaves"), who is moving away from the increasingly ultra-romantic ideas of Indianismo (the "second phase" of Romanticism). In this late phase of Indianismo, realistic and socially critical tendencies predominate . In the case of Castro Alves, for example, the influences of positivism and the theory of evolution can be felt. A late representative of Brazilian Indianismo is Mário de Andrade with his novel Macunaíma (1928).
In the 20th century Indianismo was replaced by Indigenismo , which was strongly represented in Mexico and the Andean countries , an initially literary movement to which more and more indigenous authors contributed, and which has become a social and political movement since the 1920s and again since the 1980s.
Other works
In 1872 the sculptor Chaves Pinheiro created a life-size allegorical figure Índio Simbolizando a Nação Brasileira . It shows an Indian with a headdress as the leader symbol of his tribe, as if it were a royal crown, she wears a royal cloak that hides natural nudity, and holds a scepter and a shield with the symbol of the monarchy of Emperor Peter II , thus symbolizing the entire nation and poses as an antagonist to the Spanish Conquistadors.
literature
- A Literatura Brasileira. 6 volumes. Ed. Cultrix, São Paulo 1964 ff. - Volume 1: J. Aderaldo Castello: Período Colonial. Volume 2: Antônio Soares Amora: O Romantismo .
Web links
- Marcela Silva do Nascimento: Indianismo on infoescola.com (Portuguese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Marcelo Gonczarowska Jorge: As pinturas indianistas de Rodolfo Amoedo. In: 19 & 20 V, n.2, April 2010. online
- ^ Biography of Castro Alves on ebiografia.com (Portuguese)
- ↑ Alberto Martín Chillón: 19 & 20 - Sculpture and Indianism (s) in 19th century Brazil. In: dezenovevinte.net. Retrieved November 24, 2019 .