Indo-European word roots
The Indo-European word roots are the roots of the Indo-European language family . In etymological dictionaries they are often given with an asterisk in front of them (e.g. * dʰeh₁ ) to indicate that these forms have not been used but have been developed.
The term word root has two meanings in linguistics. On the one hand, the word root is an analysis unit of the morphology that forms the lexical core of a word. This gives the root of a word, by all Ablaut variants, prefixes , suffixes , infixes and flexion features removed, for. B. trag synchron is the root of the words inconvenience or carried away . In historical grammar , the word root diachron describes the reconstructable initial form to which the related words of a word equation within a language family can be traced back. This article mainly refers to the second meaning.
Examples of Indo-European word roots
| Root word | meaning | Continuants |
|---|---|---|
| * h₂ég-ro- | ,Field' | NHG. Acker , lat. ager , Greek. Agros , poor. art , awest. azra , aind. ájraḥ |
| * bʰar-s-, * bʰar-dʰ-, * bʰar-s-dʰ- | 'Point, bristle, beard' | lat. barba , whale. barf , engl. beard , lit. barzdà , Russian borodá |
| * bʰewdʰ | ,note; to draw attention' | nhd. (to) offer , Ge bot , Gegebiet , engl. to for bid , sanskr. bódh ati "he awakens, understands", बुद्ध [ buddh á] "enlightened, awakened", bos. bud iti "wake up" |
| * dʰeh₁ | 'Put, put, put' | nhd. do n, Ta t, altgr. θέ σις [ thé sis] (from this nhd. thesis), ebs. Greek loanwords in German such as pharmacy , topic , synthetic , also from the Latin fact , effect , efficient , electrify , official , maleficent , credit , addition , in the old Indian root laorist ádhām 'I put' with z. B. a causative-iterative dhāpáyati ; the old gr. Root- ἔθηκα with -k- (see. The top of the Lat. Expands fact , etc.) |
| * dy-ḗw, plus Vr̥ddhi * dey-w-ó- | 'Shining, day sky, (heaven) god, divine' | Vedic dyáu ḥ = old Gr . Zeu s = hethit. Siu š, with -no-suffix Palaic tiu naš from Vok. * dy-EW lat. IU (p) piter, with vrddhi * dey-w-ó- Vedic देव devah = lat. de us / div us (including training lat. dīv īnus "divine") = germ. * tīw az "Germanic light god" (in English Tue sday "Tuesday") = Lithuanian diẽvas = lett. dìev s "god" (cf. also bos. div "giant") |
| * h₁ed | 'Bite, eat' | nhd. ess en, etching , carrion , äs en, engl. to eat , lat. ed ere, lett. ēst "eat", viņš / viņa ēd "he / she eats", bos. jest i "eat", old gr. `εσ θίω [ es thíō]" I eat " |
| * gal | ,shout' | engl. to call , Old Norse kall a, bos. gal amiti |
| *gel | ,shout' | engl. to yell , nhd. gel len, Nachti gall |
| * ǵenu- | ,Knee' | nhd. knee , lat. genū , toch. A kanwem , B keni ( dualis ), Greek góny 'knee, joint', hethit. gienu 'knee; Gender (steep) ', pers. Zānū , aind. jā́nu |
| * gʰor-tó- | 'Fence, garden' | lat. hortu s, engl. gard en, Wal. garth , nhd. Gart en, Russian город [ ǵorod ] "city" (originally "the area enclosed by the city wall", cf. nhd. fence, English town "city" and Dutch tuin "garden ") |
| * g̑neh₃> g̑nō | 'Know, recognize' | lat. ī gnō rāre (from it nhd. i gno rieren), nō tus, i gnō tus, (co g) nō scere (from it nhd. cognitive ), old Gr . γι γνώ σκω [gignṓskō] (from it nhd. Dia gno se , Gno sis), engl. can , to know , knowledge , NHG. k e nn s, Kun de, can , Kun st bos. zna ti |
| * gʰreh₁ | 'Grow, green' | ahd. grass "grass", gruoni "green", on. grass , tight. grass , to grow , lat. grā men * gʰr̥h₁ (s) -mn̥ "grass" |
| * gʷih₃ | ,lively' | NHG. Que bridge , ke ck, Que cksilber he qui CKEN, qui ck -lebendig (with duplication. See with loan word "clam secretly") English. qui ck, bos. ŽIV , lat. Vivus "alive" Vita "life", from the Greek words with all organic , Hy gi ene and Di ät |
| * h₂stḗr | ,Star' | nhd. Stern , Latin. stēlla , bret. stered , sterenn , toch. A śre , B ścirye , hethit. ḫašterz (a) , Greek astḗr , poor. astł , awest. stārō , skr.stṛ́ , plur.tāra |
| * broken | ,Head' | * káput-: nhd. head , Latin caput , Skr. kabúc chala ‚bowl; Hair on the back of the head, forelock '; * kapōlo: old English. hafola 'head', skr. kapā́lam 'shell, cranium, skull'; * kapuko: Whale cawg 'cup, bowl' |
| * (s) kel | 'Sound, sound' | nhd. bell , sound , bright |
| * k̑ley | 'Lean, lean' | Alt GR. κλί νω [ klí no] "tend", κλί νη [ kli ne] "bed" (from this nhd. Kli nik , De kli nation ), eng. la dder, NHG. Lei ter , lett. sli ta "fence" |
| * (s) ley | ,slide' | Alt GR. λεί μαξ [ leí max] "snail", eigtl. "the slimy", sanscr . श्लेश्मन् shle shman "Schleim", engl. sli de, nhd. g lei ten, schli ttern, Schlei m, lett. slīd ēt, bos. k li ziti, pol śl uz "slime" |
| * meh₁, * med, * met | 'Stake out, measure' | Alt GR. μέτ ρον [ mét ron] "Maß" (from it nhd. Met er ), Latin. met īrī "measure", nhd. mess en, Maß , lit. met as “time, measure”, Lat. mēr īt, bos. mjeriti "measure" |
| * nokʷt- (Nom. * nokʷt-s, Gen. * nekʷt-s) | 'Night, dusk' | nhd. night , altirl. - nocht , Latin nox (Gen. noctis ), Greek núks (Gen. nuktós ), lit. naktìs , Russian nočʹ , alb. natë , skr. nákt- ; hittit. nekuz 'night time', toch. A nktim , B nekcīye 'at night' |
| * pelh₂ | 'Flat, even' | lat. pl ānis / -e, nhd. Fel d, Flu r, fla ch, bos. pole ever |
| * péh₂ur̥- (Gen. * ph₂un-ós) | ,Fire' | nhd. fire , um. pir , toch. A por , B pūwar , hethit. paḫḫur , Greek pȳ́r , Czech. (older) pýř , glowing ashes, poor. hur , skr.pāvaka |
| * pék̑-u | 'Possession, movable property' | nhd. cattle , engl. fee "wages, fee" (cattle as a means of payment), Latin pecu s "cattle", pecū nia "money", ai. páśu |
| * perd | ,fart' | engl. to fart , Latin ped ere, nhd. fart en, old gr. πέρδ ιξ [ pérd ix] " partridge " (with reference to the animal's characteristic sounds), Polish pierd zieć, lett. perd elēt "every now and then fart", perd ināt "fart, let it fart", perd as "fart" , bos. prd ac "fart" |
| * séh₂ls (Gen. * sh₂-l̥-ós) | ,Salt' | nhd. salt , altirl. salann , Latin sāl , toch. A sāle , B salyiye , Greek háls , lett. Sāls , Russian solʹ , alb. gjollë 'plate on which salt is placed; Salt lick, poor. ał , aind. sarirá 'sea' |
| * secʷ | ,say' | lit. sak yti, lett. sac īt, aruss. soc iti "show", isl. seg yes, engl. to say , nhd. say en, distant Latin in qu it "he says (e)" |
| * (s) tenh₂ | 'Thunder, thunder (d)' | ai. tan yú-, Latin ton āre, an. Þón arr, engl. do of, dt. sigh s |
| * uód-r̥-, gen. * uéd-ns- | ,Water' | nhd. water , um. utur , Latin unda , wave, wave ', toch. A would be , B was , Phrygian bedu , Greek hýdōr , hittit. watar (Gen. wetenas ), lituan. vanduõ , mdrtl. unduõ , únduo , russ. vodá , alb. ujë , poor. get 'river', awest. udra , aind. udán |
| * wers | 'Confuse, mix' | Old French werr e, French g uerr e, engl. was "war", tight. wors e "worse", ahd. Wurs t "mixture", NHG. confused s, Wurs t, confusion (onomatopoeic reduplication) |
| * wid | ,see' | lat. vid eo "I see" (from NHG. Vid eo), ahd. "saw" Wissan, NHG. Wi SEN, Wei se (originally "appearance, appearance"), give a wiki. ϝἰδ έα [ wid éa] “that which falls in the eye” (from this nhd. Id ee ), bos. vid "the sight", sanskr. विद [ vid ] "know" (of which the Ved en ) |
| * yewg | ,Yoke' | sanskr. योग YOG a "context", युज yuj "connect" lat. iug to "yoke" thereof ( NHG. Kon jug ation ), Alt Gr. ζυγ óν [ zyg ón], hit. iúk án, engl. yok e, nhd. yoke , lett. jūg s |
See also
literature
- Friedrich Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language . 24th edition, edited by Elmar Seebold. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2002
- JP Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture . Fitzroy Dearborn, London / Chicago 1997
- Julius Pokorny: Indo-European etymological dictionary . Francke, Bern / Munich 1959
- Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots , 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston / New York 2000
- Harald Wiese: A journey through time to the origins of our language. How Indo-European Studies explains our words . Logos Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-8325-1601-7 . Popular representation.
- Dagmar S. Wodtko, Britta Irslinger u. Carolin Schneider (Ed.): Nomina in the Indo-European Lexicon (NIL). Carl Winter, Heidelberg 2008.
Web links
- Indo-European Etymological Dictionary by Julius Pokorny online with search function
- Indo-European Roots (American Heritage Dictionary)