Engineering geodesy

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Under Ingenieurgeodäsie (also: Engineering survey ) is defined as that part of Geodesy applied , which deals with survey work in connection with the planning , the construction ( stakeout ) and the monitoring of technical objects ( machinery and plant ) and buildings of natural and monitoring objects ( such as unstable sliding slopes and subsidence ). Special control point fields ( monitoring networks ) are created for such monitoring tasks . In its field of activity, engineering geodesy is therefore always in close contact with neighboring disciplines such as geology or construction and mechanical engineering. In comparison with other parts of applied geodesy, it is usually characterized by very high accuracy requirements and, in addition to conventional geodetic measuring sensors, also uses other sensors, such as B. Inclinometers. Engineering geodesy is to be distinguished from cadastral surveying , which is usually associated with a sovereign task, and building surveying , which usually only has to meet low requirements in terms of measuring accuracy.

Application and task

Almost all tasks in engineering geodesy can be traced back to the determination of geometric parameters (position, shape, size and orientation) or their changes over time. This is usually achieved by measuring individual, but also distributed over a large area. Measuring points reached. The modeling of the measured variables with the methods of the adjustment calculation is always an essential part of the task .

Examples from mechanical and plant engineering

Examples from the construction industry

The engineering geodesist is already used in the planning of these objects in order to create a basic network, on the basis of which the subsequent staking out (i.e. the transfer of the plan as survey points into nature) as well as the construction accompanying and the final survey for quality control and construction acceptance takes place. In the case of artificial structures (e.g. dams ) and bridges, permanent or periodic monitoring measurements are carried out so that deformation monitoring for a specific purpose is possible.

Examples from geomonitoring

In the case of unstable mountain slopes , any movements thereof must be monitored using measurements to protect people and nature. Depending on the expected movement rates, the monitoring measurements are carried out at several points in time at fixed time intervals so that the movement behavior can be reliably reconstructed. Automatic monitoring systems are ideal for permanent monitoring, benefiting from the technical advancement of sensors and communication technology .

Sensors

The conventional instruments include leveling devices for precise height determination and transmission, theodolites , total stations for joint angle and distance measurements and robotic total stations . In addition, the geodetic use of global navigation satellite systems is common. Terrestrial 3D laser scanning is becoming increasingly important. Other measurement methods are based on laser interferometry , laser tracking or inertial navigation . Geotechnical sensors complete the spectrum for complete precision measurement.

methodology

The aim is to capture points that are characteristic or essential for the object geometry in terms of coordinates. In order to be able to separate stable areas from those of object movement, a superordinate geodetic network is required as a reference for determining the coordinates.

literature

  • Michael Möser et al. (Hrsg.): Handbuch Ingenieurgeodäsie, Basics. 4th edition. Verlag Herbert Wichmann, Berlin / Offenbach 2012, ISBN 978-3-87907-504-1 .
  • Otto Heunecke among others: Handbook of engineering geodesy, evaluation of geodetic monitoring measurements . 2nd Edition. Verlag Herbert Wichmann, Berlin / Offenbach 2013, ISBN 978-3-87907-467-9 .
  • Franz Löffler: Handbook of engineering geodesy, mechanical and plant engineering. 2nd Edition. Herbert Wichmann Verlag, Berlin / Offenbach 2002, ISBN 3-87907-299-X .
  • A. Wieser, H. Kuhlmann, V. Schwieger, W. Niemeier: Engineering geodesy - an introduction. In: W. Freeden, R. Rummel (Ed.): Handbuch der Geodäsie. (= Springer Reference Natural Sciences ). Springer Spectrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-47187-6 . doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-46900-2_19-1

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