Institute for Oceanography Kiel

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The Institute for Oceanography in Kiel existed from June 15, 1937 to January 1, 2004. It was an essential building block for the history of marine research in Kiel and in Germany, which began with Samuel Reyher in 1697 and today with the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel continues.

prehistory

The physical-chemical oceanography was at the beginning of the Kiel marine research when Samuel Reyher, professor at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), published his results on changes in salinity in the icy Kiel Fjord in 1697. Other marine studies by Kiel scientists followed in the course of the 18th and 19th centuries. The philosophy professor Johann Nikolaus Tetens (1736-1807) dealt with the tides of the North Sea in 1788, the chemistry professor Christoph Heinrich Pfaff (1773-1852) in 1822 with the hydrographic and chemical conditions in the western Baltic Sea and the medicine professor Gustav Adolf Michaelis (1798–1848) with optical effects in the sea.

Systematic marine research did not begin until later in the 19th century with marine biological work, especially by the zoologist Karl August Möbius (1825–1908), the physiologist Victor Hensen (1835–1924), the production biologist Karl Brandt (1854–1931) and the zoologist Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn (1808–1878), who took part in the Danish Galathea (ship, 1831) expedition (1845–1847). Expeditions from Kiel to the Baltic and North Seas took place with the SMAviso steamer Pommerania (1871, 1872). and later with the cargo steamer Holsatia (1887, 1901/02). The SMS Gazelle of the Hydrographic Office of the Navy started from Kiel on an expedition (1874–1876) around the world. In Montevideo there was a meeting with the British Challenger expedition, which was running at the same time (1872–1876) . The Kiel oceanographer Gustav Karsten published the physical results of the Gazelle expedition in 1888. The plankton expedition into the Atlantic with the "National" 1889 also started from Kiel and was the beginning of German deep-sea expeditions with Kiel scientists.

Systematic physical and chemical marine research also began in Kiel in the second half of the 19th century. Two personalities deserve special mention. The Hamburg businessman and industrialist Heinrich Adolph Meyer (1822–1889) brought together a group of people interested in marine research. This also included the Kiel physicist Gustav Karsten (1820–1900), with whom a long collaboration developed. From 1859 Meyer carried out the first hydrographic observations in the Kiel Fjord and from 1862 began with systematic measurements to study the annual cycle in the Baltic Sea. In 1866 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Kiel.

In 1870 the Prussian Commission for the Scientific Investigation of the German Seas was founded in Kiel . Meyer was a founding member and chairman until 1880, followed by Karsten until 1896. Möbius and Hensen were also members. The initial aim was to improve fishing. But it was quickly recognized that improved knowledge of hydrography and new approaches and methods were required. As a result, the Kiel Commission played an important role in the development of German marine research. In 1902 the commission set up a laboratory for international marine research . In addition, the geographer Otto Krümmel became a professor at the CAU in 1883. He contributed significantly to hydrographic observations and wrote the first textbook on oceanography in German. At the University of Kiel, the Institute and Museum of Zoology, headed from 1924 to 1934 by Adolf Remane (1898–1976), became the center of marine biology research. There was also groundbreaking work on marine acoustics in Kiel in the context of the navy and industry, especially by Alexander Behm (1880–1952), Hugo Lichte (1891–1963) and Karl Heinrich Hecht (1880–1961).

The Institute for Oceanography (IfM)

The Institute for Oceanography (IfM) began its operation in 1937 after the CAU decided to combine Kiel marine research in one institute at the university. The work of the previous laboratories of the Kiel Commission was transferred to the new institute. The IfM was divided into a biological, a hydrographic-chemical and a geological main department. In addition to the subject-related work, an interdisciplinary cooperation was sought. Investigations in the Baltic Sea should initially be the focus, but not be restricted to this region. An institute building was made available in Kitzeberg on the east bank of the Kiel Fjord. Remane was director of the IfM from 1937 to 1944. The marine chemist Hermann Wattenberg (1901–1944) became his successor on May 1, 1944. He and eight employees died on July 24, 1944 in a bomb attack that destroyed the institute building.

Shortly after the end of the Second World War, work at the IfM began again in 1946. Georg Wüst (1890–1977) became professor for oceanography and meteorology at the CAU and director of the Institute for Oceanography at the University of Kiel. He had carried out pioneering work on oceanic circulation in the "Institute and Museum for Oceanography (Berlin) ". He managed to bring back former employees, to get an institute building in an old villa on the west bank of Kiel and a research cutter, to begin teaching and to start research work in the Baltic Sea with a total of 15 employees. After Wüst's retirement, Günter Dietrich (1911–1972) was his successor. He too had previously worked at the Berlin Institute for Oceanography. The number of employees grew rapidly, and the experience and research interests of Wüst and Dietrich reinforced the IfM's increasing scientific orientation towards the deep ocean, especially in physico-chemical research. During these years the IfM became the leading marine research institute in the Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific successor to the no longer existing Berlin Institute for Oceanography in research and teaching. The formal successor to the Berlin Museum of Oceanography is now called the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin .

A milestone in the development of the IfM was the commissioning of the new Meteor (Schiff, 1964) , scientifically controlled by the German Research Foundation , managed by the German Hydrographic Institute (see Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency ) and used by all West German marine research groups. The first major expedition in 1964/65 under the leadership and strong participation of Kiel marine researchers was part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf.

The financial needs of the IfM grew with the tasks, and financing within the framework of the CAU by the state of Schleswig-Holstein became increasingly difficult. The total number of employees was now 124. Co-financing by the federal government was sought. On May 3, 1968, the University's Institute of Oceanography became the University 's Institute of Oceanography as a member of the federal-state-financed Blue List institutes (later Leibniz Association ). A collegial constitution was introduced with a new statute. The overall institute was managed by the managing director and the staff, which consisted of the heads of the ten departments and two representatives of the scientific staff. The college elected a managing director of the institute from among the department directors for two years. The connection to the CAU remained close, all professors were selected in joint commissions of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the IfM. Regular external assessments of the institute's scientific achievements ensure a high scientific quality.

In the following years the IfM became a partner of numerous large international research programs. Many Kiel scientists worked temporarily abroad, especially in the USA, and later a large number of foreign researchers were guests at the IfM. The number of employees continued to grow.

In parallel to the IfM, marine geological and geophysical research groups had developed at the CAU. From 1987 onwards, some of these activities were consolidated and continued in a new geoscientific institute, Geomar . At the end of 2001 Geomar had a total of 153 employees. By this time the IfM had grown to 252 employees. With the aim of organizing the marine sciences in Kiel and enabling even closer cooperation, the IfM and Geomar were merged into IFM-GEOMAR as an institute of the Leibniz Association on January 1, 2004 . At the end of 2004, the entire institute had a total of 389 employees. For financial policy considerations, on January 1, 2012, the transition to a largely federally financed institute of the Helmholtz Association, the GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, followed .

Managing directors of the IfM

period of service Surname Life dates
1937-1944 Adolf Remane * 1898 † 1976
1944 Hermann Wattenberg * 1901 † 1944
1946-1959 Georg Wüst * 1890 † 1977
1959-1968 Günter Dietrich * 1911 † 1972
1968-1972 Friedrich Defant * 1914 † 1990
1972-1976 Gotthilf Hempel * 1929
1976-1988 Gerold Siedler * 1933
1979-1982 Bernt Zeitzschel * 1937
1983-1988 Wolfgang Krauss * 1931 † 2009
1989-1990 Jan-C. Duinker * 1934
1991-1994 Dieter Adelung * 1935
1995-1996 Friedrich A. Schott * 1939 † 2008
1997-1998 Bernt Zeitzschel * 1937
1999-2000 Peter Lemke * 1946
2001-2003 Jürgen Willebrand * 1941

Structure of the institute according to the statutes of May 3, 1968

Department Department Director / Head (as of 1968)
Regional oceanography Günter Dietrich
Theoretical oceanography Wolfgang Krauss
Marine physics Gerold Siedler
Marine chemistry Klaus Grasshoff
Maritime meteorology Friedrich Defant
Marine botany Fritz Gessner
Marine zoology Carl Schlieper
Fisheries biology Gotthilf Hempel
Marine planktology Johannes Krey
Marine microbiology Gerhard Rheinheimer

Deans

The following staff members from the Institute for Oceanography were deans of the Faculty of Philosophy and Mathematics and Natural Sciences at CAU:

Period Surname
1950-1952 Georg Wüst
1965 Günter Dietrich
1970-1971 Wolfgang Krauss
1989-1991 Dieter Adelung
1991-1992 Gerold Siedler
1992-1994 Bernt Zeitzschel

IfM research ships

Working time ship
1946-1966 Research cutter Südfall (renamed Hermann Wattenberg in 1958 )
1966-1990 Research vessel Alkor
1966-1997 Research launch Sagitta
1975 - today Research vessel Littorina (owner CAU)
1976-2019 Research vessel Poseidon
1990 - today Research ship Alkor (successor ship)
1997 - today Research launch Arctic Fox

IfM employees also frequently used ships from the pool of larger German research ships: Meteor , Meteor , Planet , Sonne , Polarstern , Maria S. Merian . See also the list of German research vessels .

Participation of the IfM in large research programs

The German Research Foundation provided funding for long-term Collaborative Research Centers (SFBs). The IfM was involved in several SFBs, partly in a leading role:

running time number Surname
1971-1985 SFB 95 Interaction between sea and seabed
1980-1995 SFB 133 Warm water sphere of the Atlantic
1985-1998 SFB 313 Changes in the environment: The northern North Atlantic
1996-2006 SFB 460 Dynamics of thermohaline circulation fluctuations

Participation in international research programs was of great importance at the IfM. These included:

ICES overflow '73

ICES International Overflow Expedition 1960

International Indian Ocean Expedition, IIOE

Joint Air Sea Interaction Study, JASIN

BALTIC 75 experiment

Global Atmospheric Research Program , GARP

GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment, GATE

First International Biomass Experiment, FIBEX, 1980/81

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, JGOFS

World Ocean Circulation Experiment , WOCE

Publications

  1. ^ Adolf Remane, Hermann Wattenberg: The Institute for Oceanography of the University of Kiel. In: Kiel Marine Research. 1938, 3, 1-16.
  2. ↑ a b Andreas Villwock (Ed.): IFM-GEOMAR Report 2002-2004. Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences, Kiel 2005, A-2.1.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Walter Zenk, Gerold Siedler, Peter C. Wille, Gerd Wegner, Jörn Thiede, Volker Storch, Peter Speth, Eberhard Ruprecht, Manfred Ehrhardt, Bernt Zeitzschel: Early oceanography and the development of physical and chemical marine sciences in Kiel after World War II. In: Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseum- Bremerhaven 2018, 39, pp. 29–93.
  4. ↑ a b Jörn Thiede, William Hay, Michael Sarnthein, Priska Schäfer, Gerold Siedler, Peter Stoffers, Volker Storch, Erwin Suess, Roland von Huene, Peter Wille, Bernt Zeitzschel, Walter Zenk: From a Modest Start to a Flourishing Marine Research Environment : The Institutional Development of Marine Geosciences in Kiel / Germany after World War II. In: Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseum. Bremerhaven 2018, 39, pp. 95–144.
  5. ↑ Gerd Hoffmann-Wieck: The GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel and the history of Kiel oceanography. In: Auge, O. (ed.): Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel: 350 years of work in the city, country and world. Karl Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 2015, 699–723.
  6. ^ Reyher, S. (Samuelis Reyheri, IC. & Mathematici Kiliensis) (1697): Experimentum novum, quo aquae marinae dulcado die VI, February anno 1697 examinata desceribetur. Kiliae Holsatorum, Geolog. 443. Saxon State Library - State and University Library Dresden. [1] .
  7. ^ Gerhard Kortum: Samuel Reyer (1635-1714) and his Experimentum Novum. In: Lohff, B., Kortum, G. Kredel, G., Trube, C., Ulrich, J. Wille, P .: 300 years of marine research at the University of Kiel. A historical review. Reports from the Institut für Meereskunde, Kiel 1994, 246, 3–12.
  8. ^ A b Wolfgang Matthäus: Germany and the investigation of the Baltic Sea hydrography during the 19th and early 20th century. In: Marine Scientific Reports. Warnemünde 2010, 83, pp. 1–105.
  9. ↑ Gerhard Korturn, Karlheinz Paffen: The Geographical Institute and the marine and coastal research in Kiel. In: Kieler Geographische Schriften , Kiel 1979, 50, p. 104.
  10. ↑ Karlheinz puffing, Gerhard Korturn: The geography of the sea. In: Kieler geographische Schriften , Kiel 1984, 60, p. 33.
  11. ↑ Gerhard Kortum, Johannes Ulrich: Kieler Meeresforschung zur Kaiserzeit: On the life and work of Otto Krümmel (1854-1917). In: Historisch-Meereskundliches Jahrbuch. 2005, 11, 141-156.
  12. ^ Otto Krümmel: Handbook of Oceanography. Volume 1, 2nd edition, Verlag von Engelhorns, Stuttgart 1907, 526 pp. (1st edition: O. Krümmel, 1884).
  13. ^ Otto Krümmel: Handbook of Oceanography. Volume 2, 2nd edition, Verlag von Engelhorns Nachf., Stuttgart 1911, 766 pp. (1st edition: G. v. Boguslawski, O. Krümmel, 1887).
  14. ^ Sebastian A. Gerlach, Gerhard Kortum: On the establishment of the Institute for Oceanography of the University of Kiel 1933 to 1945. In: Historisch-Meereskundliches Jahrbuch. 2000, 7, 7-48.
  15. ↑ Gerhard Kortum: Berlin's importance for the development of geographic oceanography: the legacy of the Georgenstrasse. In: Berlin geographic studies. 1987, 25, 133-156.
  16. ↑ a b Victor K. McElheny: Revival of Oceanography in Germany. In: Science. 1964, 146, pp. 45-48.
  17. ^ Wolfgang Krauss: Günter Dietrichs Kieler Years (1959–1972). In: Christiana Albertina. Neumünster 1987, 24 NFS 43-54.
  18. ↑ Georg Wüst, Curt Hoffmann, Carl Schlieper, Rudolf KÄNDER, Johannes Krey, R. Jaeger: The Institute for Oceanography of the University of Kiel after its reconstruction. In: Kiel Marine Research. 1956, 22, 127-153.
  19. ^ Günter Dietrich, Kurt Kalle: Allgemeine Meereskunde. Borntraeger, Berlin 1957, pp. 1-492 (Russian translations: V. Ju. Vespe, Leningrad 1961; NN Gorskij, Moskva 1962).
  20. ^ Günter Dietrich, Kurt Kalle, Wolfgang Krauss, Gerold Siedler: Allgemeine Meereskunde. 3rd edition, Borntraeger, Berlin 1975, pp. 1-593.
  21. ^ Günter Dietrich, Kurt Kalle, Wolfgang Krauss, Gerold Siedler: General Oceanography. 2nd edition, translated by Susanne and Hans Ulrich Roll, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980, pp. 1-626.
  22. ^ A b Günter Dietrich, Gunther Krause, Eugen Seibold, Kurt Vollbrecht: Travel report of the Indian Ocean Expedition with the research ship Meteor 1964-1965. In: Meteor Research Results. Series A, General, Physics and Chemistry of the Sea 1966, 1, 1-52.
  23. ^ A b Institute for Oceanography at the University of Kiel: Annual report for the year 1968. In: Kieler Meeresforschungen. 1969, 25, 1, A-3.
  24. ^ Dieter Adelung: The history of the institute for oceanography at the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel. In: Jürgen Elvert, Jürgen Jensen, Michael Salewski (Eds.): Kiel, the Germans and the Sea. Historical communications 1992, supplement 3, Steiner Stuttgart, 169–181. ISBN 3-515-06266-1 .
  25. ↑ GEOMAR Annual Report 2001. GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences at the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel 2001, 199–208.
  26. ^ Andreas Villwock (Ed.): Report 1999-2001. Institute for Oceanography at the University, 2002, A3 – A8.
  27. ^ Günter Dietrich: Atlas of the Hydrography of the northern North Atlantic Ocean. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), Copenhagen 1969, pp. 1-140.
  28. ^ Günter Dietrich: The international overflow expedition (ICES) of the Iceland-Faroe Ridge, May – June 1960, a review. In: Rapp. Roc. Verb. Cons. Inst. Explor. Mer. 1967, 157, 268-274.
  29. ^ Gerold Siedler, Walter Zenk: JASIN 1978, Field activities on the research vessels "Meteor", "Planet" and "Poseidon" and the research aircraft D-CMET. In: Meteor research results. 1980, A, 21, 25-48.
  30. ^ Klaus Kremling, Harald Petersen: The distribution of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd and Cu in Baltic seawater; a study on the basis of one anchor station. In: Marine Chemistry. 1978, 6.2, 155-170.
  31. ↑ Gerold Siedler: The oceanic sub-program (GATE). In: Promet - Meteorological Training. 1975, 5.4, 28-32.
  32. ^ Gerhard Stäblein: Historical aspects of the German geoscientific polar research. In: Polar Research. 1981, 51 (2), 219-225.
  33. ↑ Andreas Oschlies, Wolfgang Koeve, Véronique Garcon: An eddy-permitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic. Part II: Ecosystem dynamics and comparison with satellite and JGOFS local studies data. In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2000, 13, 135-160.
  34. ^ Gerold Siedler, John Church, John Gould (eds.): Ocean Circulation and Climate - Observing and Modeling the Global Ocean. Academic Press, San Diego 2001, 736 pp. (International Geophysics Series 77).
  35. ↑ Gerold Siedler, Stephen M. Griffies, John Gould, J., John A. Church (eds.): (2013) Ocean Circulation and Climate - A 21st Century Perspective. Volume 103, Elsevier - Academic Press, Amsterdam 904pp. (International Geophysics Series 103).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ [2] . Website Kiel University Library. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  2. ↑ [3] . Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  3. ↑ [4] website io-warnemuende. Retrieved October 13, 2019, pp. 25–35.
  4. ↑ [5] website io-warnemuende. Retrieved October 13, 2019, pp. 41–44.
  5. ↑ [6] Website Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  6. ↑ [7] website Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved September 16, 2019, pp. 283–284.
  7. ↑ [8] Website US.Archive. Retrieved September 16, 2019, pp. 47–60.
  8. ↑ [9] website uni-kiel. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  9. ↑ [10] Geomar website. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  10. ↑ [11] . Retrieved May 20, 2018.