Iceland mussel

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Iceland mussel
Iceland clam (Arctica islandica)

Iceland clam ( Arctica islandica )

Systematics
Superordinate : Imparidentia
Order : Venerida
Superfamily : Arcticoidea
Family : Arcticidae
Genre : Arctica
Type : Iceland mussel
Scientific name of the  family
Arcticidae
Newton , 1891
Scientific name of the  genus
Arctica
Schumacher , 1817
Scientific name of the  species
Arctica islandica
( Linnaeus , 1767)

The Iceland shell ( Arctica islandica ) is one of the coasts of North America to the Baltic non heterodonte shell from the order of Venerida . It is the only recent species of the genus Arctica Schumacher, 1817. The genus Arctica is in turn the only recent genus of the Icelandic mussel family (Arcticidae Newton, 1891). It is one of the animals with the longest life expectancy and can live for several centuries.

features

The equally-folded, moderately inflated (thick) housings are up to 130 mm long. Small and medium-sized cases are egg-shaped, adult cases are slightly elongated at the front and rear ends. The cases are somewhat unequal, the prominent, prosogyren vortices are slightly in front of the middle of the case length. There is no lunula. The large, dark brown, slightly curved ligament lies externally behind the vertebrae. It sits on a well-developed nymph and extends over half of the posterior dorsal margin. The castle is quite massive. The right valve has three strong cardinal teeth and a posterior lateral tooth behind the ligament. A pit is formed in front of the anterior cardinal tooth, which is delimited by irregular knobs and ribs. The left valve also has three cardinal teeth. However, the front cardinal tooth is only a small cusp, the rear cardinal tooth is a narrow lamella. A posterior lateral tooth is developed, and there are only irregular indentations in front of the anterior cardinal tooth. The anterior and posterior sphincters are roughly the same size. The surface line is not indented. The soft body is cream-colored. The animals do not have siphons. For this purpose, the jacket forms two short tube-shaped tubes as inflow and outflow openings, the inlets and outlets of which are surrounded by thin tentacles.

The whitish to light gray-brown skin is very firm and heavy. The ornamentation of the adult cases consists of fine concentric beads and somewhat coarser ridges. In juvenile housings, the beads are arranged at regular intervals. The inner edge of the case is smooth. The periostracum is straw yellow in juvenile shells, but with increasing age it becomes darker to dark brown and finally black.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The distribution area extends from the Arctic on the east and west coast of the North Atlantic to the south. On the east coast of North America it extends to Cape Hatteras . In the Eastern Atlantic, the distribution extends to the Biscay and the Ria de Vigo in northwestern Spain. It lives on muddy, sandy or gravelly soils from the tidal range up to 482 meters water depth. In the North Sea it usually lives below 40 meters water depth. In the Baltic Sea it still tolerates salinity levels of 11 to 14 ‰ and occurs up to around Bornholm. In the Baltic Sea it occurs from about 11 to 40 meters water depth. The mussel species prefers cooler water, as can be deduced from the area of ​​distribution.

Way of life

The mussel usually lives in dense clusters buried a few centimeters deep in the sediment. However, it comes to the surface of the sediment every few days to "fill up" with oxygen before it burrows itself again. She can dig herself in very quickly with the help of her large and strong foot. An adult clam filters up to seven liters of water in one hour.

The Icelandic mussel is segregated. Before Nova Scotia, males reached sexual maturity at around 13 years of age, females slightly earlier at 12.5 years. In other regions, however, sexual maturity can be reached at 9.3 years or the previous minimum 7 years. The eggs have a diameter of 80 to 95 µm. The sex products are released into the open water from May to November, where fertilization also takes place. The larval phase lasts about 32 to 55 days, depending on the water temperature. The larvae are planktotroph. First a trochophora larva is formed, which then develops into a Veliger larva. Finally, the so-called. Follows Pediveliger stage created with which the larva enters the soil life and metamorphosis. Laboratory tests have shown that the larvae can develop at temperatures between 1 ° and 20 °. 13 to 15 ° are optimal. At the lower limit of 1 °, however, the development is very much slowed down. Even for adult mussels, the water temperature must not exceed 21 °. According to laboratory tests, a temperature range of 6 to 16 ° seems to be optimal for this.

Age determination

The examination of the growth strips on the shells of the Icelandic mussel allows an age determination. Some mussels were found to be several hundred years old. The potential of the Icelandic mussel for paleoclimate analyzes was shown for the first time in the 1990s. It does not seem improbable that very old specimens of this species will be found, whose growth time series can be linked to chronologies, as in dendrochronology , spanning periods from centuries to millennia and providing information about climate fluctuations in the past - annually to seasonally resolved.

Oldest shell

A team of researchers from Bangor University's School of Ocean Sciences , UK, collected about 6,000 specimens north of Iceland in 2006, including live ones that were frozen for later analysis. In October 2007, one of these mussels still alive when it was caught was first counted to be 405 years old. A press release was released on the assumption that this was a new record. The Sunday Times falsely claimed in its reporting that the scientists named the mussel Ming , which made it better known under this name and entered the Guinness Book of Records. When checked later, the first count also turned out to be incorrect and the age reached is now given as 507 years. This shell is older than the specimen that US researchers recovered off the American coast in 1982. German researchers discovered another mussel, also 507 years old, in 2013.

Chris Richardson, professor at Bangor University, suspects that all of the cells renewed themselves at an ideal rate. However, there are much older animal species; see, for example, Anoxycalyx joubini , a species from the class of glass sponges .

Climate archive

Previously, in 2005, an international research group under German leadership had presented a 374-year-old specimen, examined it isotope geochemically and confirmed its importance for paleoclimate analyzes. The research team led by Prof. Schöne (University of Mainz) has shown the practical application of the Iceland mussel climate archive in various works. So was u. a. a connection between annual growth and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was found. It was also shown that the water temperatures of the North Sea have risen by an average of about 1 ° C over the past 120 years (1880–2001), so that global climate change has not stopped here either. The warming of the surface water (above the thermocline ) was four times higher than that of the deep water. In addition, a significantly accelerated rise in temperatures has been observed since around 1960.

food

In Iceland, the USA and Canada, the up to 12 cm large mussel is considered a delicacy; in Europe, however, it does not play a role in the fishing industry.

Taxonomy

The first descriptor Carl von Linné called it in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae 1767 Venus islandica . Schumacher established the genus Arctica for this species . However, this was mostly overlooked, because only one year later, in 1818, Lamarck established the genus Cyprina for the species . In the later literature it can therefore mostly be found as Cyprina islandica . It is the only recent species in the genus Arctica , which in turn is the only genus in the Arcticidae family . Arctica is not a monotypical genus, however, as it still contains some fossil species. Numerous exclusively fossil genus were assigned to the family Arcticidae.

supporting documents

literature

  • Luca M. Cargnelli, Sara J. Griesbach, David B. Packer, Eric Weissberger: Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Ocean Quahog, Arctica islandica, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-148, 12 pp., US Department of Commerce, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 1999 PDF
  • Fritz Nordsieck : The European sea shells (Bivalvia). From the Arctic Ocean to Cape Verde, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. 256 pages, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969
  • Guido Poppe. Yoshihiro Goto: European Seashells Volume 2 (Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda) . 221 pp., Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden 1993 (2000 unc. Reprint), ISBN 3925919104 (p. 118)
  • Rainer Willmann: Mussels and snails of the North and Baltic Seas. 310 p., Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen 1989, ISBN 3-7888-0555-2 (p. 132)

On-line

Web links

Commons : Icelandic clam ( Arctica islandica )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ CR Weidman, GA Jones and K. Lohmann: The long-lived mollusc Arctica islandica: a new paleoceanographic tool for the reconstruction of bottom temperatures for the continental shelves of the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 99 (C9), 18,305-18,314, 1994
  2. ↑ R. Witbaard, GCA Duineveld and RAWJ De Wilde: A long-term growth record derived from Arctica islandica (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from the patties Ground (northern North Sea) . Journal of the Marine Biological Association, UK, 77, pp. 801-816, 1997
  3. ^ R. Marsh, B. Petrie, CR Weidman, RR Dickson, JW Loder, CG Hannah, K. Frank and K. Drinkwater: The 1882 tilefish kill - a cold event in shelf waters off the north-eastern United States? Fisheries Oceanography 8, pp. 39-49, 1999
  4. ↑ TA Marchitto, GA Jones, GA Goodfriend and CR Weidman: Precise temporal correlation of Holocene mollusk shells using sclerochronology. Quaternary Research 53, 2000, pp. 236-246, doi : 10.1006 / qres.1999.2107
  5. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung: How the mussel "Ming" was killed at the age of 507, November 15, 2013
  6. ↑ ScienceNordic.com: New record: World's oldest animal is 507 years old ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sciencenordic.com
  7. ↑ Kerstin Viering: On the bottom of the Baltic Sea. Article in the Berliner Zeitung , 13./14. August 2016, p. 4 of the magazine supplement .
  8. ^ Bangor University: 400 year old Clam Found
  9. ↑ Bernd R. Schöne, Jens Fiebig, M. Pfeiffer, R. Gleß, J. Hickson, ALA Johnson, W. Dreyer and Wolfgang Oschmann: Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah (Arctica islandica, Mollusca; Iceland). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 228, pp. 130-148, 2005
  10. ↑ Bernd R. Schöne, Wolfgang Oschmann, J. Rössler, AD Freyre Castro, SD Houk, I. Kröncke, W. Dreyer, R. Janssen, H. Rumohr and E. Dunca: North Atlantic oscillation dynamics recorded in shells of a long -lived bivalve mollusk. Geology 31, pp. 1237-1240, 2003
  11. ↑ VM Epple, T. Brey, R. Witbaard, H. Kuhnert and J. Paetzold: Sclerochronological records of Arctica islandica from the inner German Bight. The Holocene 16, 2006, pp. 763-769, 2006
  12. ↑ Bernd R. Schöne, M. Pfeiffer, T. Pohlmann and F. Siegismund: A seasonally resolved bottom water temperature record for the period of AD 1866-2002 based on shells of Arctica islandica (Mollusca, North Sea) . International Journal of Climatology 25, 2005, pp. 947-962, 2005
  13. ^ Carl von Linné: Systema naturæ, Tom. I. Pars II. Editio duodecima reformata. P. 533–1327, Stockholm / Holmia, Salvius, 1767 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (P. 1131)
  14. ↑ MolluscaBase: Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767)
  15. ^ André Chavan: Montacuta Turton, 1822. In: Raymond Cecil Moore (Ed.): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part N. Mollusca, 6, Bivalvia 2. pp. N490-N951, New York 1969 (pp. N645-N650).