Jewish sports organizations

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There were three different Jewish sports organizations in Germany between 1898 and 1933 :

Since the workers' sports movement did not discriminate against Jewish members in its clubs, there were no Hapoel clubs in Germany - in contrast to neighboring Poland . The oldest Jewish sports club in Central Europe was Attila Groningen (Netherlands, founded in April 1898), the second oldest Bar-Kochba Berlin (founded in October 1898). When the member clubs of the Reichsbund for Physical Exercise in advance obedience began to exclude their members in the spring of 1933 and to stop sports with the Jewish clubs, these joined together as the Reich Committee of Jewish Sports Associations. At no time did Jewish associations have more members in Germany, as most of the Jewish athletes were members of civil or workers' sports clubs and only now had to join Jewish sports. In addition, the Nuremberg Laws defined Jews genetically and thus further than corresponded to Jewish tradition. With the "Reichspogromnacht" , Jewish sport was completely banned, so that the clubs and the association also dissolved. After 1945 only the Zionist Maccabi was re-established, while the other organizations were forgotten.

literature

  • Robert Atlasz: BAR KOCHBA - Makkabi Germany 1898–1938. Association of former members of BarKochba-Hakoah eV, Tel Aviv 1977.
  • Hajo Bernett : The Jewish Sport in National Socialist Germany 1933–1938. Hofmann, Schorndorf 1978.
  • Jacob Borut: Jews in German Sports during the Weimar Republic. In: Michael Brenner , Gideon Reuveni (Ed.): Emancipation through muscle power. Jews and Sports in Europe. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-525-56992-0 , pp. 81-97.
  • Ulrich Dunker: The Reich Association of Jewish Front-Line Soldiers 1919–1938. History of a Jewish Defense Association. Droste, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0479-5 .
  • Arnd Krüger : When the Olympics are over, we'll beat the Jews to a pulp. The relationship of the Jews to the Olympic Games of 1936. In: Menora 5th year book for German-Jewish history. Piper , Munich 1994, pp. 331-348.
  • Arnd Krüger : Once the Olympics are through, well beat up the Jew. German Jewish Sport 1898-1938 and the Anti-Semitic Discourse. In: Journal of Sport History. 26 (1999), 2, pp. 353-375. (online at: library.la84.org )
  • Arnd Krüger : The seven ways of falling into oblivion. In: Arnd Krüger, Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe (Ed.): Forgetting, Displaced, Rejected. On the history of exclusion in sport. (= Series of publications by the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History Hoya, Volume 21). LIT-Verlag , Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-643-10338-3 , pp. 4-16.
  • Arnd Krüger, Astrid Sanders: Jewish Sports in the Netherlands and the Problems of Selective Memory. In: Journal of Sport History. 26 (1999), 2, pp. 271-286. (online at: library.la84.org )
  • Arnd Krüger, James Riordan (Ed.): The Story of Worker Sport. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Ill. 1996.
  • Lorenz Peiffer , Henry Wahlig : Jews in Sport during National Socialism. Wallstein , Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8353-1083-4 .
  • Jutta Fleckenstein, Lisa-Maria Tillian-Fink (Ed.): Never Walk Alone. Jewish identities in sport. Hentrich & Hentrich , Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-95565-193-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Arnd Krüger : Once the Olympics are through, well beat up the Jew. German Jewish Sport 1898-1938 and the Anti-Semitic Discourse. In: Journal of Sport History. 26 (1999), 2, pp. 353-375. (online at: library.la84.org ) ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.library.la84.org
  2. ↑ Arnd Krüger, James Riordan (Ed.): The Story of Worker Sport. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Ill. 1996.
  3. ^ Arnd Krüger, Astrid Sanders: Jewish Sports in the Netherlands and the Problems of Selective Memory. In: Journal of Sport History. 26 (1999), 2, pp. 271-286. (online at: library.la84.org ) ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.library.la84.org
  4. ↑ Robert Atlasz: Bar Kochba - Maccabi Germany from 1898 to 1938. Association of former members of BarKochba-Hakoah eV, Tel Aviv 1977.
  5. ↑ Lorenz Peiffer , Henry Wahlig: Jews in Sport during National Socialism. Wallstein, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8353-1083-4 .
  6. ↑ Arnd Krüger: The seven ways to fall into oblivion. In: Arnd Krüger, Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe (Ed.): Forgetting, Displaced, Rejected. On the history of exclusion in sport. (= Series of publications by the Lower Saxony Institute for Sports History Hoya, Volume 21). LIT-Verlag, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-643-10338-3 , pp. 4-16.