Journalism research

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The Journalism Research is a scientific discipline that deals with the media system apart sets and Journalism Culture and trying different developments in the individual countries to explain. The subject has existed since the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s there was an enormous advancement through a lot of research.

Journalism research is to be separated from journalism. Journalism research is the specialization in communicator research on journalism as distinct from (1) PR and PR research and (2) content in art and entertainment research. In turn, communicator research is, in addition to content analysis, media structures, usage research and impact research, a sub-area of ​​communication science. Journalism (also journalism studies, journalism or journalism studies), on the other hand, is the specialization in communication studies on journalism as opposed to (1) PR and PR science and (2) content in art. It therefore includes all sub-areas of communication science (communicator research, journalism research, content analysis, media structures, usage research and impact research).

Focus

The first focus is the media system with specific consideration of the mass media . Various models have been developed to explain the development. The first was published in 1956 under the name "Four Theories of the Press". Then there was an empirical convergence approach and a pragmatic difference approach with the attempt to explain the media systems of the world in six models. Another focus is the journalism culture. The scientific object is the journalist himself. In the research work, all aspects surrounding him are examined. This includes the basic values ​​and attitudes, the framework conditions from politics , law and economy , the working conditions z. B. within the editorial office and current developments, for example the paywall .

Multi-level models of journalism research

The multi-level system was adopted from sociology and adapted so that various further developments for journalism research were published:

  • Donsbach : " Sphere of influence model"
  • Weischenberg : "Onion model"
  • Shoemaker & Reese: "Ring Model"
  • Esser: "Ring Model"
  • Donsbach: Revision of the "Sphere of Influence Model"
  • Shoemaker & Reese: "Hierarchy of Influences Model" (revised "Ring Model")

The "Hierarchy of Influences Model" was published in 2014. According to the logic of this approach, the levels of social systems, institutions, routines and practices and the individual are considered individually. A great advantage for scientific work is that it combines all previous models. Further standards for comparative research are an open and neutral stance on the value system of the various systems (“de-westernization” approach) and adherence to the self-chosen system of comparison.

Journalism culture

The journalism culture or journalistic culture is a specialist area of ​​journalism research that deals with the journalist and his values, the framework and working conditions. It was introduced by the Erich Brost Institute for Journalism at TU Dortmund University . However, this term is not always used consistently - the names “message culture”, “editorial culture”, “media culture” and “professional culture” are synonymous.

Studies

In the scientific studies, the survey and interview methods are used. A first study with the scope of 115 interviews comes from McLeod and Hawley from 1964, which deal with the degree of professionalization of journalists. In 1985, Köcher examined the role of journalists and in 1998 Esser chose editorial work as the focus of his work. In 2003, Donsbach & Patterson also looked at the way journalists work and worked out similarities and differences between different countries. Shoemaker & Cohen looked at the result and published a paper on the causes for the selection of messages. Two major studies were published after 2000. In 2007, the AIM Research Consortium published a paper on the topic of “Role of the media in the emergence of a European public” and found that reporting on European topics always takes place in a national context, which makes it difficult to form a common European public. The 2011 Worlds of Journalism Study attracted a great deal of academic attention due to the size of the research, which spanned 18 states, and found that journalists can be divided into four basic types. Another study entitled “Media System, Political Context and Informed Citizenship” was carried out by James Curran and came to the conclusion that the focus is shifting from communicator research to the consumer.

Categories

The publications can be divided into different categories. These are:

  • Cultural anthropological, relativistic and intercultural work (dealing with cultural conditions),
  • Territorial national / cultural and transnational / -cultural work (examining similarities and differences in journalistic practice in different countries),
  • Deconstructivist work (dealing with journalistic culture),
  • Interrelational work (examine the media system using superordinate models),
  • Critical-structuralist work to determine basic cultural patterns (try to establish relationships between history and journalism) and
  • System modeling work (similar to media system research).

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, Wilbur Schramm: Four Theories of the Press. The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of what the Press Should be and Do. University of Illinois Press, 1956
  2. ↑ Florian Meißner: Cultures of disaster reporting 1st edition. Springer VS, pp. 13-36
  3. Jump up ↑ J. Curran, S. Coen, T. Aalberg, K. Hayashi, KP Jones, S. Splendore: Internet revolution revisited: a comparative study of online news. Media, Culture & Society, 2013, pp. 880-897
  4. ^ J. Herbert Altschull: Agents of Power. The Role of the News Media in Human Affairs. Longman, 1984
  5. ↑ Roger Blum: Loudspeakers & Opponents. An approach to the comparison of the media systems Halem, 2014, p. 39
  6. ^ Wolfgang Donsbach: Journalism research in the Federal Republic. Open questions despite the research boom. Ölschläger, 1987, pp. 105-142
  7. ^ Siegfried Weischenberg: The "Paradigm Journalism". For communication science identification of a university-related journalist training. 1990, pp. 45-61
  8. ↑ Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese: Mediating the Message. Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. Longman, 1991
  9. ↑ Frank Esser: The forces behind the headlines. English and German journalism in comparison. Karl Alber, 1998
  10. ^ Wolfgang Donsbach: The global journalist. Are professional structures being flattened? Central European University Press, 2010, pp. 153-170
  11. ↑ Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese: Mediating the Message in the 21st Century. A Media Sociology Perspective Routledge, 2014
  12. ↑ Florian Meißner: Cultures of disaster reporting 1st edition. Springer VS, pp. 38-41
  13. ↑ Florian Meißner: Cultures of disaster reporting 1st edition. Springer VS, p. 23
  14. ^ Stuart Allan: News Culture. Open University Press, 1999
  15. ^ Michael Brüggeman: Journalism as cultural analysis. Editorial cultures as the key to researching journalistic practice. Springer VS, 2011, pp. 47-66
  16. ↑ Mark Deuze: National News Cultures. A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian and US Journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 2002
  17. ↑ Frank Esser: Compare journalism. Springer VS, 2004, pp. 401-428
  18. ^ Frank Esser: Dimensions of political news cultures. sound bite news in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. International Journal of Press / Politics, 2010, pp. 401-428
  19. ↑ a b Thomas Hanitzsch: Deconstructing Journalism Culture. Toward a Universal Theory. Cultural Meaning of News, 2011, pp. 33-52
  20. ^ A b Thomas Hanitzsch: Populist Disseminators, Detached Watchdogs, Critical Change Autonomy in 18 Countries. International Communication Gazette, pp. 477-494
  21. ↑ Florian Meißner: Cultures of disaster reporting 1st edition. Springer VS, pp. 32-35
  22. ^ Andreas Hepp, Nick Couldry: What should comparative media research be comparing? Routledge, 2009, pp. 32–47 - PDF file, accessed February 15, 2020
  23. ↑ C. Ann Hollifield, Gerald M. Kosicki, Lee B. Becker: Organizational vs. Professional culture in the newsroom. Television News Directors 'and Newspaper Editors' Hiring Decisions. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 2001, pp. 92-117
  24. ↑ Florian Meißner: Cultures of disaster reporting 1st edition. Springer VS, pp. 24-32
  25. ^ AIM Research Consortium: Comparing the Logic of EU Reporting. Transnational analysis of EU correspondence from Brussels projektverlag, 2007
  26. ^ AIM Research Consortium: Comparing the Logic of EU Reporting in Mass Media across Europe. Transnational analysis of EU media coverage and of interviews in editorial offices in Europe projektverlag, 2007
  27. ^ AIM Research Consortium: Reporting and Managing European News. Final Report of the Project "Adequate Information Management in Europe" projektverlag, 2004–2007
  28. ^ AIM Research Consortium: Understanding the Logic of EU Reporting from Brussels. Analysis of interviews with EU correspondents and spokespersons. Projektverlag, 2007
  29. Jump up ↑ J. Curran, S. Coen, T. Aalberg, K. Hayashi, KP Jones, S. Splendore: Internet revolution revisited: a comparative study of online news. Media, Culture & Society, 2013, pp. 880-897
  30. ↑ Wolfgang Donsbach, T. Patterson: Journalists in Political Communication: Professional Orientations of News Editors in International Comparison Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003, pp. 281-304
  31. ↑ Frank Esser: The forces behind the headlines. English and German journalism in comparison. Karl Alber, 1998, p. 446ff.
  32. ↑ Renate Köcher: Sniffer dog and missionary. A comparative study of professional ethics and the understanding of tasks of British and German journalists self-published, 1985
  33. ↑ JM McLeod, SE Hawley: Professionalization among Newsmen. Journalism Quarterly, pp. 529-539 - PDF file, accessed February 15, 2020
  34. ↑ Pamela J. Shoemaker, Akiba A. Cohen: News Around the World Routledge, 2006
  35. ↑ Florian Meißner: Cultures of disaster reporting 1st edition. Springer VS, pp. 32-35