Köse Mihal

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Köse Mihal (* 13th century; died around 1340; German: Michael the beardless , also Michael the goatee ) accompanied Osman Ghazi on his rise to the status of an independent emir and founder of the Ottoman Empire . He is considered the first significant, from Christianity to Islam had converted Byzantine renegade in Ottoman service.

Sources

The events connected with Köse Mihal, the historical truth of which can no longer be fathomed and which can largely be assessed as mythical and legendary , were not written down until the 15th century. The oldest Ottoman source, Menâkıb-ı Âli-i Osman by Yahşi Fakıh from the time of Sultan Bayezid I , is missing, but was obviously one of the foundations for later chroniclers such as Aschikpaschazade and Mehmed Neşrî , who also reported on Köse Mihal. In their fundamental works, the German-speaking orientalists and historians Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall and Nicolae Iorga also relied on İdris-i Bitlisî , Hodscha Sa'eddin Mehmet and Leunclavius in relation to Köse Mihal . References to these and other, partly newly developed sources can be found in Klaus Kreiser : Der Ottmanische Staat 1300-1922 . The statements of all the old sources about Köse Mihal are essentially limited to his relationship to Osman Ghazi and Orhan Ghazi . He as a person is only reported from this narrow perspective.

Life

According to the historians mentioned, Köse Mihal was the Byzantine governor of Chirmekia ( Harmankaya , today Harmanköy ) and of Greek origin. Even before converting to Islam, he went from being an enemy to being a "loyal friend" of Osman Ghazi. He participated as an ally with his servants in his campaigns and also supported him as a local guide, advisor and diplomatic mediator. The reports about the time and occasion of his change of faith are contradictory. On the one hand, he was forced to become a Muslim out of conviction or for the sake of Osman Ghazi, on the other hand because of a meaningful dream. The time frame for this are the years 1304 and 1313. As a Muslim, Köse Mihal was also called "Abd Allah" (Abdullah).

During the conquest of Bursa in 1326, Köse Mihal played an important role as advisor and diplomatic envoy to Orhan Ghazis, the son and successor of Osman Ghazi. It is said to have been Orhan Ghazi who gave him hereditary supreme command over the Akıncı . Köse Mihal was the first of the former Christian renegades who took on leading functions in all areas of the Ottoman state. Köse Mihal's descendants, famous as Mihaloğlu, became politically and militarily successful Ottoman dignitaries and military leaders in Rumelia , especially in the 15th and 16th centuries . But they did not get into the highest state offices, which is said to go back to a dream of Sultan Murad II .

After taking Bursa, Köse Mihal is no longer mentioned in the sources. Kreutel notes that Köse Mihal died around 1340.

Babinger stated in EJ Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam that Köse Mihal was buried in a Türbe near a mosque he had donated in Adrianople . Accordingly, Köse Mihal would have lived at least until after the conquest of Adrianople by Murad I in 1361 and thus reached a very old age. But Babinger made a mistake. He confused Köse Mihal with Ghazi Mihal Bey , a grandson of Köse Mihal, whose mosque complex with Imaret (destroyed) and Hamam (ruins) in Adrianople under Sultan Murad II was completed in 1422. The Türbe of the donor Ghazi Mihal Bey stands in the adjoining cemetery.

literature

  • Dervish Ahmet-i 'Aşıki (called' Aşık-Paşa-Son): Menakıb u tevarih-i 'Al-i' Osman (Memories and Times of the House of Osman). In Richard Franz Kreutel (editor / editor): From the shepherd's tent to the high gate . Ottoman historians Vol. 3, Graz 1959
  • Joseph Hammer-Purgstall: History of the Ottoman Empire . Vol. 1, Pest 1827
  • Nicolae Jorga: The history of the Ottoman Empire presented according to sources , unchanged new edition, Primus Verlag Darmstadt 1997
  • Johannes Leunclavius: Annales Svltanorvm Othmanidarvm, A Tvrcis Sva Lingva Scripti Frankfurt a. M. 1588/1596, German: Neuwe Chronica Türckischer Nation described by Türcken himself ... Frankfurt a. M. 1590
  • Ferenc Majoros et al. Bernd Rill: The Ottoman Empire 1300-1922 , Wiesbaden 2004
  • Mihaloğlu Mehmet Nüzhet Paşa: "Ahval -i al-i Gazi Mihal" . 1897 (Ottoman)
  • Mehmed Neşrî: Kitâb-I Cihan-Nümâ . Partly edited and translated in the magazine of the German Oriental Society . 13th volume 1859

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Joseph Hammer-Purgstall: History of the Ottoman Empire . First volume, Pest 1827, p. 48
  2. ↑ Ferenc Majoros and Bernd Rill: The Ottoman Empire 1300-1922 , Wiesbaden 2004, p. 381
  3. ^ Klaus Kreiser: The Ottoman State 1300-1922 . 2nd, updated edition, Munich 2008, p. 99f
  4. ↑ Dervish Ahmet-i 'Aşıki (called' Aşık-Paşa-Son): Menakıb u tevarih-i 'Al-i' Osman (Memories and Times of the House of Osman). In Richard Franz Kreutel (editor / editor): From the shepherd's tent to the high gate . Ottoman historians Vol. 3, Graz 1959
  5. ↑ Mehmed Neşrî: Kitab-ı Cihannüma .
  6. ↑ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall: History of the Ottoman Empire . First volume, Pest 1827
  7. ↑ Nicolae Iorga: History of the Ottoman Empire . Gotha 1908–1913
  8. ^ Idris-i Bitlisi: Heşt Bihişt . (The eight paradises)
  9. ↑ Hodscha Sa'eddin Mehmet: Tac üt-tevarih (Crown of Stories) . A history of the empire from the founding of the state to the death of Selim I.
  10. ^ Johannes Leunclavius: Historiae Musulmanae Turcorum, De Monumentis Ipsorum Exscriptae, Libri XVIII . Frankfurt / M. 1591 under the German title Hansen Löwenklaus New Chronicle of the Turkish Nation . Frankfurt 1590, 1595
  11. ^ Klaus Kreiser: The Ottoman State 1300-1922 . 2nd, updated edition, Munich 2008. II. Basic problems and tendencies in research, B. The sources, pp. 93–111.
  12. ↑ Dervish Ahmet-i 'Aşıki (called' Aşık-Paşa-Son): Menakıb u tevarih-i 'Al-i' Osman (Memories and Times of the House of Osman). In Richard Franz Kreutel (editor / editor): From the shepherd's tent to the high gate . Ottoman Historians Vol. 3, Graz 1959, pp. 7-16.
  13. ↑ Ferenc Majoros and Bernd Rill: The Ottoman Empire 1300-1922 , Wiesbaden 2004, p. 96
  14. ^ Nicolae Jorga after Leunclavius ​​(Lewenklaw): Annales sultanorum othmanidarum , Frankfurt 1596, Col. 129
  15. ↑ İbrahim Kaya - Şahin: AŞIKPAŞA-ZADE AS HISTORIAN: A STUDY ON THE TEVARiH-i AL-i OSMAN . Istanbul 2002, p. 14
  16. ↑ Dervish Ahmet-i 'Aşıki (called' Aşık-Paşa-Son): Menakıb u tevarih-i 'Al-i' Osman (Memories and Times of the House of Osman). In Richard Franz Kreutel (editor / editor): From the shepherd's tent to the high gate . Ottoman historians vol. 3, Graz 1959, p. 32ff
  17. ↑ Dervish Ahmet-i 'Aşıki (called' Aşık-Paşa-Son): Menakıb u tevarih-i 'Al-i' Osman (Memories and Times of the House of Osman). In Richard Franz Kreutel (editor / editor): From the shepherd's tent to the high gate . Ottoman historians vol. 3, Graz 1959, p. 46
  18. ↑ İbrahim Kaya - Şahin: AŞIKPAŞA-ZADE AS HISTORIAN: A STUDY ON THE TEVARiH-i AL-i OSMAN . Istanbul 2002, p. 125
  19. ↑ Leunclavius: Annales sultanorum othmanidarum , Frankfurt 1596, Col. 129
  20. ↑ Mehmed Nesrî: Kitâb-I Cihan-Nümâ - Nesrî Tarihi 1st Cilt, Ed .: Prof. Dr. Mehmed A. Köymen and Faik Resit Unat
  21. ^ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: Osmanlı Tarihi Cilt I -IV Ankara 1972 - 1978
  22. ^ A b Franz Babinger : MĪKHĀL-OGHLU . In EJ Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam . Leiden 1913-1936, pp. 493-495
  23. ↑ Mehmed Neşrî, quoted in the magazine of the German Oriental Society . 13. Volume 1859, p. 214
  24. ↑ Nicolae Jorga: The history of the Ottoman Empire presented according to sources , unchanged new edition, Primus Verlag Darmstadt 1997, vol. 2, p. 204
  25. ^ Hans Joachim Kissling: Dissertationes orientales et balcanicae collectae, III. The Ottomans and Europe . Munich 1991, pp. 217-225
  26. ^ Richard F. Kreutel: Life and deeds of the Turkish emperors. The anonymous vulgar Greek chronicle Codex Barberinianus Graecus 111 (Anonymus Zoras) . Graz et altera 1971, p. 94f
  27. ↑ Dervish Ahmet-i 'Aşıki (called' Aşık-Paşa-Son): Menakıb u tevarih-i 'Al-i' Osman (Memories and Times of the House of Osman). In Richard Franz Kreutel (editor / editor): From the shepherd's tent to the high gate . Ottoman historians Vol. 3, Graz 1959, p. 299
  28. ↑ Gazi Mihal Bey Camii (picture, text in Turkish) queried on January 12, 2016
personal data
SURNAME Köse Mihal
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Michael the Beardless (German); Michael the goatee; Abd Allah
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Byzantine governor of Chirmekia and comrade in arms of Osman Ghazi
DATE OF BIRTH 13th Century
DATE OF DEATH around 1340