Osman I.

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Osman I., Ottoman miniature (1579/80)

Osman Gazi I. ( Ottoman عثمان غازى Osman Gazi , İA ʿO s mân Ġâzî ; * 1258 in Söğüt ; died. 1326 , according to other sources 1324 in Söğüt) was the founder of the Ottoman dynasty and the Ottoman Empire .

Surname

According to some scholars, Osman's original name was Turkish, probably Atman or Ataman , which was later changed to the Arabic Osman. The earliest Byzantine sources, including Osman's contemporary Georgios Pachymeres , spell his name as Ατουμάν (Atouman) or Ατμάν (Atman), while Greek sources regularly spelled both the Arabic form 'Uthmān and the Turkish version' Osmān with θ, τθ or τσ. An early Arabic source writes his name with the Arabic letter ط (ṭāʾ) instead of ث (θ). Osman may have preferred the more prestigious Muslim name later in his life.

origin

Osman was the son of the Horde prince Ertuğrul and Halime Hatun , Osman Gazi called himselfعثمانجق Osmancuk (-cuk / -cık is the diminutive ending in Turkish). This is also what the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta calls him . With the name "Little Osman" or "Osmanchen" he wanted to distinguish himself from the third Islamic caliph Uthman ibn Affan .

Principality of Osman

After the death of his father in 1281 or 1288, Osman became chief. He married once Hatun (probably due to an error by the copyist also Malhun Hatun called), which in the chronicles as the daughter of Sheikh Edebali, the Head of Vefaiyye - the Order is recorded while on Orhan Gazi Deed (Vakfiye) of 1324 as the daughter of Ömer Bey is listed. Osman's children were Orhan, Çoban, Hamid, Melik, Pazarlı and Fatma Hatun.

Edebali was one of the most respected baba dervishes and an adviser to Osman. The chronicles state that it was Edebali's advice that made Osman the most successful of all gazis. According to tradition, Edebali Osman conveyed that God had designated him as Gazi , that is, the leader of the Holy War ( Ghazw ). Edebali's dream, which has been put forward many times and in which he is said to have seen Osman as the future ruler of the world, was probably added to the tradition afterwards. After the conquest of Karacahisar Osman was in 1288 by the Seljuk Sultan Kai Kobad III. appointed to bey / prince, with which the principality of Osman was founded. Osman ruled his principality together with other family members: his brother Gündüz Alp was Subaşı (commander) of Karacahisar; his uncle Dündar was his advisor; He left a surveillance tower , which served the conquest of Bursa , to his nephew Aktimur ; He sent his son Orhan to prepare for his successor on several campaigns of conquest with his most experienced commanders Akça Koca , Konur Alp and Köse Mihal .

Founding of a dynasty - beginning of the Ottoman Empire

Expansion of the empire under Osman I.

Osman Gazi was interested from the beginning in protecting the Christians in his conquered lands. This inclination of Osman is considered to be one of the reasons for the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish historian Aschikpaschazade recorded several quotations from Osman. Osman had declared himself the protector of Christians from the sacking of the neighboring Germiyan principality early on . Ottoman sources make it clear that Istimalet (protection and respect from strangers to earn sympathy) was of great importance to the success of the Ottoman conquests and the expansion of the empire. According to Islamic law, Christians were regarded as dhimmi . The companions ( Turkish Yoldaş ) of Osman were partly Garib (foreigners / defectors). At Oruc is recorded: bu Osmânîler garîbleri sevicilerdir  /بو عثمانيلر غريبلرى سوجيلردر (these Ottomans like the strangers) . Unlike his father, Osman often waged jihad against the Christians in the neighboring Nikaia Empire , but he also regularly waged war with neighboring Muslim tribes and plundered their settlements. Through his conquests, for example of İnegöl , Bilecik and Yenişehir , he enlarged his territory, which originally only comprised about 1500 km², to finally 18,000 km². Osman was a vassal of the Rum Seljuks , who in turn were subordinate to the Mongol Ilkhan . Although he paid taxes to the Mongols annually, there are indications that he was increasingly claiming sovereignty for his territory : This is how he called himself an emir and was mentioned by name from around 1299 during the Chutba , which, according to Islamic legal opinion, only belongs to independent rulers.

He gave the conquered lands as fiefs to relatives, friends, military leaders and earned Gazis. This ended the semi-nomadic way of life of his tribe and laid the foundation for the later feudal system of the Ottoman Empire, the Tımar system. He also installed a first Beylerbey as commander-in-chief of the new standing army , which replaced the tribal warriors of his early years.

Late years

Osman Gazi-Sanduka (box on a grave) in the Osman Gazi mausoleum in Bursa

In 1317 Osman transferred the supreme command to his son Orhan . According to tradition, Osman died on April 6, 1326, shortly after his son Orhan Gazi had conquered Bursa . However, recent research suggests that 1324 was the year Osman died. A foundation deed (Vakfiye) signed in March 1324 in Mekece bears Orhans Tughra , which indicates that Orhan was a sovereign ruler in March 1324. Colin Imber suspects that the Ottoman chronicles of the 15th century wanted to draw an ideal model of the succession to the throne to counter the contemporary fratricide by saying that Orhan became ruler during his father's lifetime. Halil İnalcık presents another document from the autumn of 1323. This deed of foundation comes from the Asporça Hatun , a wife of Orhan Gazi and daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III. , and records Osman as alive, while this information is no longer available from Orhan Gazi's Mekece deed of March 1324.

Film adaptations

literature

  • Colin Imber: ʿO th mān I. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition , Brill-Verlag 1995, Volume 8, pp. 180-182, letter O, ISBN 90-04-09834-8 .
  • Halil İnalcık : Osman I. In: Türkiye Diyânet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi , Diyanet Vakfı-Verlag, Istanbul 2007, Volume 33, pp. 443–453, letter O, ISBN 975-389-455-4 .
  • Ferenc Majoros, Bernd Rill: The Ottoman Empire 1300-1922. The story of a great power . Marix, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-937715-25-8 .
  • Josef Matuz: The Ottoman Empire. Baseline of its history . 4th edition. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 3-534-20020-9 .
  • Gabriel Effendi Noradounghian : Recueil d'actes internationaux de l'Empire Ottoman 1300-1789. Tome I. Paris, Neufchâtel 1897. Reprint: Kraus, Nendeln 1978, ISBN 3-262-00527-4 .
  • Vernon John Parry: A history of the Ottoman Empire to 1730: chapters from the "Cambridge history of Islam" and "New Cambridge modern history" . Volumes 1-5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-20891-2 .
  • Ernst Werner: The Birth of a Great Power - The Ottomans. A contribution to the genesis of Turkish feudalism . 4th edition. Böhlau, Vienna 1985, ISBN 3-205-00559-7 .
  • Ernst Werner, Walter Markov: History of the Turks from the beginning to the present . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1979.

Web links

Commons : Osman I.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Josef Matuz : The Ottoman Empire. Basics of its history , 4th edition, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2006, p. 32
  2. ↑ Halil İnalcık , in: Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi , Volume 33, Istanbul 2007, p. 443.
  3. ↑ Cemal Kafadar. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State . In: Armenian Research Center collection History / Middle Eastern studies / politics . University of California Press, 1996, p. 124.
  4. ↑ Klaus Kreiser, Christoph K. Neumann: Little History of Turkey , p. 81
  5. ↑ Franz Babinger 'O th MAN dj ik in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition
  6. ↑ a b Halil İnalcık: Osman I. In Türkiye Diyânet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi , p. 451.
  7. ↑ Halil İnalcık Osman I. in Türkiye Diyânet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi , p. 446.
  8. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Devlet-i Aliyye - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar 1 - Klasik Dönem (1302–1606) , p. 11.
  9. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Devlet-i Aliyye - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar 1 - Klasik Dönem (1302–1606) , p. 12.
  10. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Devlet-i Aliyye - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar 1 - Klasik Dönem (1302–1606) , p. 26.
  11. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Devlet-i Aliyye - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar 1 - Klasik Dönem (1302–1606) , p. 12 f.
  12. ↑ Halil İnalcık: Devlet-i Aliyye , p. 10.
  13. ↑ Peter Schreiner: Die Byzantinische Kleinchroniken , Vol. Ii, Vienna 1977, p. 231.
  14. ↑ a b Colin Imber: ʿOthmān I. In The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition , p. 180.
  15. ↑ İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı: Gazi Orhan Beğin hükümdar olduğu tarih . In Belleten 1945, pp. 207–211.
  16. ↑ "Kuruluş / Osmancık", TV Dizisi 1987 , sinematurk.com
  17. ↑ kuruluş Osman - Tüm bölüm videoları. Retrieved June 22, 2020 (Turkish).
  18. ↑ Brill
  19. ^ Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları
predecessor Office successor
--- Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
1288–1326 		Orhan I.
personal data
SURNAME Osman I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gazi
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ottoman sultan and founder of the Ottoman Empire
DATE OF BIRTH 1258
PLACE OF BIRTH Söğüt
DATE OF DEATH 1324 or 1326
Place of death Söğüt