Kadma we-asla

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֨ ֜
Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew
character ֨ ֜
Unicode U + 05A8 U + 059C
Kadma we-Azla (Ashkenazi) קַדְמָ֨א וְאַזְלָ֜א
Azla Gerisch (Sephardic) אַזְלָ֨א גְּרִ֜ישׁ
Kadma-Geresch (Italian) קַדְמָ֨א-גֵּ֜רֵשׁ
Aslo-Tares (Yemeni) אַזְלָ֨א טָרֵ֜ס
Francis Lyon Cohen: Kadma we-azla. In: The Jewish Encyclopedia 1901-1906. Volume III, p. 544

Kadma we-asla ֨ ֜( Aramaic :קַדְמָ֨א וְאַזְלָ֜א) is a trope (from Yiddish טראָפּtrop) in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach .

description

קַדְמָ֨א וְאַזְלָ֜א (Ashkenazi)
אַזְלָ֨א גֵּרִ֜ישׁ (Sephardic)

In the Ashkenazi tradition the trope is Kadma we-Asla, Qadma we-Azla or Kadma Azla ( Aramaic :קַדְמָ֨א וְאַזְלָ֜א) called. In the Jerusalem or Sephardic tradition it is called Azla gerish ( Aramaic : אַזְלָ֨א גְּרִ֜ישׁ). In the Italian tradition it is also called Kadma-Geresch ( Aramaic :קַדְמָ֨א גֵּ֜רֵשׁ) called. Jacobson mentions that other literature calls this form of emphasis Kadmah azla, but he prefers the term Kadmah geresch:

“Since, strictly speaking, only word accented on the next-to-the-last-syllable can be marked with geresh , some books refer to this combination as kadmah azla when the second word is accented on the last syllable. In this book, we do not use the term azla . "

- Jacobson (2005), p. 68.

In the Yemeni tradition it is also called "Aslo tares".

Appear

Kadma we-Asla is preceded by the following signs: Mahpach , Tewir and Rewia . A kadma can also be found without an asla (geresch) in front of a mahpach , and an asla ( geresch ) without a kadma . Then this is called "Azla-geresh" or simply Geresch . Kadma-ve-Asla is often replaced by Gerzhayim , who performs the same tasks as Kadma-ve-Asla . Gerschajim also precedes - like Kadma-ve-Asla - the following signs: Mahpach , Tevir and Rewia .

Kadma-we-Asla

It arises when a word has the stress sign Geresch (or Asla). If another preceding word also refers to this, then the predecessor is provided with the conjunctive stress sign Kadma . The resulting pair of words is called either Kadma-Geresch or Kadma-Asla after these stress marks. Kadma-we-Asla appears in the Torah in 1733 times. According to Rosenberg, the symbols of Kadma-we-Asla resemble the curved fingers of two outstretched hands. Jacobson illustrates this with the example Numbers 7, 11  BHS (נָשִׂ֨יא אֶחָ֜ד). In addition, Kadma-we-Asla appears in Numbers 35,5  BHS (וְאֶת־פְּאַת־נֶגֶב֩ אַלְפַּ֨יִם בָּאַמָּ֜ה).

Kadma-we-Asla and Telisha Ketanna

If another preceding word also refers to the pair Kadma-ve-Asla, then the preceding word is given the conjunctive stress sign Telisha Ketanna .

Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Exodus 38.1  BHS (חָמֵשׁ֩ אַמֹּ֨ות אָרְכֹּ֜ו), Numbers 20.6  BHS (וַיָּבֹא֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה וְאַהֲרֹ֜ן), Leviticus 11:42  BHS (כֹּל֩ הֹולֵ֨ךְ עַל־גָּחֹ֜ון), Deuteronomy 28.69  BHS (אֵלֶּה֩ דִבְרֵ֨י הַבְּרִ֜ית), Genesis 19.30  BHS (וַיַּעַל֩ לֹ֨וט מִצֹּ֜ועַר).

Kadma-we-Asla and Telisha Ketanna and Munach

If there is another preceding word relating to Kadma-ve-Asla , the accent Munach is used.

Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Genesis 50,13  BHS (אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָנָה֩ אַבְרָהָ֨ם אֶת־הַשָּׂדֶ֜ה), Genesis 12.5  bras (וַיִּקַּ֣ח אַבְרָם֩ אֶת־שָׂרַ֨י אִשְׁתֹּ֜ו), Exodus 15:19  BHS (כִּ֣י בָא֩ ס֨וּס פַּרְעֹ֜ה), Exodus 27.18  BHS (אֹ֣רֶךְ הֶֽחָצֵר֩ מֵאָ֨ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה), Genesis 38.11  BHS (וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָה֩ לְתָמָ֨ר כַּלָּתֹ֜ו).

Melodies

According to The Jewish Encyclopedia 1901–1906 Volume III , Francis Lyon Cohen (1862–1934) - author of The Handbook of Synagogue Music (1889) and Song in the Synagogue in The Musical Times (London, 1899) - describes numerous individual melodies for Kadma -we-Asla :

  • Pentateuch : Ashkenazi, Sephardic, from Morocco, Egypt and Syria as well as from Baghdad.
  • Prophets and Haftara : Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Baghdad.
  • Esther : Ashkenazi, Sephardic.
  • Lamentations : Ashkenazi, Sephardic as well as from Morocco, Egypt and Syria.
  • Ruth : Sephardic

Concordances

book Kadma we-Asla
֨ ֜
Torah 1733
בְּרֵאשִׁית Bereshit 427
שִׁמוֹת Schemot 373
וַיִּקְרׇא Wajikra 307
בְּמִדְבַּר Bemidable 393
דְּבָרִים Dewarim 413
נְבִיאִים Newi'im 1492
כְּתוּבִים Ketuwim 1240

literature

  • William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
  • William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
  • Arthur Davis: The Hebrew accents of the twenty-one Books of the Bible (K "A Sefarim) with a new introduction. 1900 ( archive.org ).
  • Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York 1902, p. 542-548 ( de.scribd.com ).
  • Solomon Rosowsky: The Cantillation of the Bible . The Five Books of Moses. The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957.
  • James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston NY 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  • Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
  • Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible . Student Edition. The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b “Le deuxième Ish E'had est sous le signe de Azla Guérish, אַזְלָ֨א גְּרִ֜ישׁ, il représente cette fois, Kalev, car Kalev, la première chose qu'il alla faire en arrivant en Israel c'est de prier sur la tombe des patriarches, c'est le sens de "Azla - il alla", "Guérish - Guimel Resh" les trois têtes, ce sont les trois patriarches, la tête et le debut du peuple d'Israel. Azla Guérish veut donc dire aller pèleriner les Avot, et c'est ce que ce deuxième Ish E'had veut représenter, Kalev Ben Yéfouné. (על פי עוד יוסף חי דרשות - פרשת שלח לך) «From Nishmat-Haim. Quelques perles de Torah en direct de Yeroushalaim
  2. ↑ a b ( Hebrew אזלא גריש or אַזְלָ֨א גְּרִ֜ישׁ) Asla-Gerisch on YouTube.com
  3. ^ Jacobson (2005), p. 68.
  4. ↑ a b קדמא-גרש tanach parshanut taamey on www.daat.ac.il
  5. ^ A b c Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia. Volume III, KTAV Publishing House, New York 1901-1906, p. 544: Kad-ma we-az-la, Preceding and Going on. ( Text archive - Internet Archive ).
  6. ↑ Melody for Kadma-w'Asla on youtube.com
  7. ^ Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation. Jewish Publication Society. Philadelphia 2002. ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 , pp. 407, 936.
  8. ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 3: Trop. «In Yiddish, the lingua franca of the Jews in Northern Europe […], these accents came to at known as trop . The derivation of this word seems to be from the Greek tropos or Latin tropus  ».
  9. ↑ Solomon Rosowsky: The cantillation of the Bible. The Five Books of Moses . The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957 .: "Cantillation proceeds according to the special graphic signs - tropes or accents - attached to every word in the Bible." In connection with a footnote to tropes : "In this work we use the term trope ( Greek tropos - turn) long accepted in Jewish practice. "
  10. ^ Jacobson (2005), p. 68.
  11. ↑

    פרשה בפני עצמה הם השמות 'קדמא ואזלא' 'אזלא גרש' הנהוגים אצל האשכנזים: הטעם המפסיק הנקרא גֵּרֵשׁ או גְּרִרא או טרס ריו או טרס, אזנקר ל'י י ם '. אבל אם הוא מופיע לבד, הוא נקרא 'אזלא גרש'. מדוע שני השמות? ומדוע אותו טעם נקרא 'אזלא' כשהוא מופיע עם קדמא לפניו, ו'אזלא גרש 'כשהוא מופיע בלי קדמא?

    		   

    -  Uriel Frank
  12. ↑ נוסח תימןYemeni. Tradition on YouTube.com
  13. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Two Words in a (Single) Geresh Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 68.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance… 1st volume. P. 6.
  15. ↑ Rosenberg, p. 129.
  16. ↑ a b Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapters Two Words in the (Single) Geresh Segment and Three Words in the (Single) Geresh Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 68 f.
  17. ^ Jacobson (2005), p. 68.
  18. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Four Words in the (Single) Geresh Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 69.
  19. ^ A b James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance ... 1st volume. P. 5.