Tewir

Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew
character	֛
Unicode	U + 059B
Tewir (Ashkenazi)	תְּבִ֛יר
Tewir (Sephardic)	תְּבִ֛יר
Tewir (Italian)	תְּבִ֛יר
Tawir / Tawra (Yemeni)	תַּבִ֛יר / תַּבְרָ֛א

Tewir ֛ ( Hebrew תְּבִיר) is a stress and cantillation mark in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the teamim that appear in the Tanakh . In the Ashkenazi , Sephardic and Italian traditions it is called Tewir . In the Yemeni tradition it is also called Tawir or Tawra .

description

Tewir

תְּבִ֛יר

֛

דָּבׇ֛ר

Biblical stress marks

ֽ ׃

׀

֑

֒

֓

֔

֕

֖

֗

֘

֙

֚

֛

֜

֝

֞

֟

֠

֡

֢

֣

֤

֥

֦

֧

֨

֩

֪

֫ ֥

֬

֭

֮

֗

֜ ֗

֗

֤ ׀

֨ ׀

֨ ֜

-

ֽ

grammar

Tewir is a third level disjunctive trope. It divides a tipcha segment. Both characters fulfill the function of a cadence , whereby the cadence of the higher-level Tipcha comes into play more clearly than that of the subordinate Tewir.

Tewir can appear independent and self-contained if the word stressed by Tewir is the only word in an entire segment. An example of the grammatical structure with a single word Tewir segment:

Lev 4.5 bras
Entire verse	וְלָקַ֛ח הַכֹּהֵ֥ן הַמָּשִׁ֖יחַ מִדַּ֣ם הַפָּ֑ר וְהֵבִ֥יא אֹת֖וֹ אֶל־אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃ And the priest who is anointed shall take the blood of the bull and bring it into the tabernacle Lev 4,5 LUT
1st level	וְהֵבִ֥יא אֹת֖וֹ אֶל־אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq group		וְלָקַ֛ח הַכֹּהֵ֥ן הַמָּשִׁ֖יחַ מִדַּ֣ם הַפָּ֑ר Etnachta group
2nd level	אֶל־אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃	וְהֵבִ֥יא אֹת֖וֹ Tipcha	מִדַּ֣ם הַפָּ֑ר	וְלָקַ֛ח הַכֹּהֵ֥ן הַמָּשִׁ֖יחַ Tipcha
3rd level	אֶל־אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃	וְהֵבִ֥יא אֹת֖וֹ	מִדַּ֣ם הַפָּ֑ר	הַכֹּהֵ֥ן הַמָּשִׁ֖יחַ	וְלָקַ֛ח Tewir

Tewir with Mercha or Darga

Tewir	Darga or Mercha
֛	֧ ֥

If there are two words in a Tewir segment, the following applies: If the meaning of the previous word relates to the word with Tewir, then it is marked with a connector.

When the accents are two or more syllables apart, darga is used. Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Gen 5.25 BHS שֶׁ֧בַע וּשְׁמֹנִ֛ים, Ex 19.22 BHS וְגַ֧ם הַכֹּהֲנִ֛ים, 12.18 BHS הָאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים, 20.25 BHS כִּ֧י חַרְבְּךָ֛, 16.4 BHS לְמַ֧עַן אֲנַסֶּ֛נּוּ. If the accents are together, the Mercha connector is used.

Tewir in a group of three words

If there are three words in a Tewir segment, a second accent appears before Mercha or Darga, namely Kadma or Munach.

Tewir	Darga or Mercha	Kadma or Munach
֛	֧ ֥	֨ ֣

Jacobson illustrates this for Kadma, Darga and Tewir with the examples Ex 5,7 BHS (לָתֵ֨ת תֶּ֧בֶן לָעָ֛ם), Lev 6,5 BHS וּבִעֵ֨ר עָלֶ֧יהָ הַכֹּהֵ֛ן, Gen 24,29 BHS וַיָּ֨רָץ לָבָ֧ן אֶל־הָאִ֛ישׁ, Gen 2,19 BHS אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִקְרָא ־לֹ֧ו הָֽאָדָ֛ם, Ex 21.16 BHS וְגֹנֵ֨ב אִ֧ישׁ וּמְכָרֹ֛ו, 35.7 BHS וְעֹרֹ֨ת אֵילִ֧ם מְאָדָּמִ֛ים.

For Kadma, Mercha and Tewir Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Lev 6,3 BHS אֲשֶׁ֨ר תֹּאכַ֥ל הָאֵ֛שׁ, Ex 16,4 BHS הִנְנִ֨י מַמְטִ֥יר לָכֶ֛ם, Ex 37,12 BHS וַיַּ֨עַשׂ לֹ֥ו מִסְגֶּ֛רֶת, Gen 27,7 BHS הָבִ֨יאָה לִּ֥י צַ֛יִד, Gen 4 , 4 BHS וְהֶ֨בֶל הֵבִ֥יא גַם־ה֛וּא, Ex 22,9 BHS חֲמֹ֨ור אֹו־שֹׁ֥ור אֹו־שֶׂ֛ה.

If the accent is on the first syllable, it's Munach .

Jacobson illustrates this for Munach, Darga and Tewir with the examples Num 14,9 BHS סָ֣ר צִלָּ֧ם מֵעֲלֵיהֶ֛ם, Num 2,10 BHS דֶּ֣גֶל מַחֲנֵ֧ה רְאוּבֵ֛ן, Gen 31,32 BHS נֶ֣גֶד אַחֵ֧ינוּ הַֽכֶּר־לְךָ֛, Lev 5,18 BHS אַ֣יִל תָּמִ֧ים מִן־ הַצֹּ֗אן.

For Munach, Mercha and Tewir, Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Lev 11.36 BHS אַ֣ךְ מַעְיָ֥ן וּבֹ֛ור, Lev 24.2 BHS שֶׁ֣מֶן זַ֥יִת זָ֛ךְ, Ex 12.6 BHS עַ֣ד אַרְבָּעָ֥ה עָשָׂ֛ר, Lev 14.21 BHS כֶּ֣בֶשׂ אֶחָ֥ד אָשָׁ֛ם.

Tewir in a group of four words

Tewir	Darga or Mercha	Kadma or Munach	Telisha qetanna
֛	֧ ֥	֨ ֣	֩

When there are four words in a Tewir segment, a third accent appears before Munach or Kadma. Mostly it is Telisha qetanna.

Jacobson illustrates this for Telischa qetanna, Kadma, Darga and Tewir with the examples Gen 2.19 BHS וְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִקְרָא־לֹ֧ו הָֽאָדָ֛ם, Dtn 34.8 BHS וַיִּבְכּוּ֩ בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֛ה, Gen 31.16 BHS כֹּל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר .ִ֛ר אֱל 23.15 BHS אֶרֶץ֩ אַרְבַּ֨ע מֵאֹ֧ת שֶֽׁקֶל־כֶּ֛סֶף, Gen 21.2 BHS וַתַּהַר֩ וַתֵּ֨לֶד שָׂרָ֧ה לְאַבְרָהָ֛ם.

For Telischa qetanna, Kadma, Mercha and Tewir Jacobson illustrates this using the examples Deuteronomy 20:14 BHS וְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִהְיֶ֥ה בָעִ֛יר, Gen 47.23 BHS הֵן֩ קָנִ֨יתִי אֶתְכֶ֥ם הַיֹּ֛ום, Lev 24.9 BHS קֹדֶשׁ֩ קָֽדָשִׁ֨ים ה֥וּא לֹ֛ו, Gen 33,16 BHS וַיָּשָׁב֩ בַּיֹּ֨ום הַה֥וּא עֵשָׂ֛ו.

Tewir in a group of five words

Tewir	Darga or Mercha	Kadma or Munach	Telisha qetanna	Munach
֛	֧ ֥	֨ ֣	֩	֣

When there are five words in a Tewir segment, a fourth accent appears before Telisha qetanna. Mostly it is Munach.

Jacobson illustrates this for Munach, Telischa qetanna, Kadma, Darga and Tewir with the examples Genesis 42,13 BHS (שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂר֩ עֲבָדֶ֨יךָ אַחִ֧ים׀ אֲנַ֛חְנוּ), Genesis 47,24 BHS (יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶם֩ לְזֶ֨רַע הַשָּׂדֶ֧ה וּֽלְאָכְלְכֶ֛ם).

For Munach, Telischa qetanna, Kadma, Mercha and Tewir, Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Numbers 35.18 BHS (בִּכְלִ֣י עֵֽץ־יָד֩ אֲשֶׁר־יָמ֨וּת בֹּ֥ו הִכָּ֛הוּ), Numbers 35.17 BHS (בְּאֶ֣בֶן יָד֩ אֲשֶׁר־יָמ֨וּת בָּ֥הּ ִכָּ֛הּו־).

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of Tewir in the 21 books.

Part of the Tanakh	Tewir
Torah	2678
Front prophets	2016
Rear prophets	1837
Ketuvim	1329
total	7860

melody

Tewir is sung softly, at the beginning you go down and at the end you go up (“The Tevir is sung on a low tone, going downward at the beginning and upward at the end”).

$\ relative c '{\ override Staff.TimeSignature #' stencil = ## f \ key f \ major d8 cd f4} \ addlyrics {Tewir _ _}$

Tewir

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of Tewir in the 21 books.

Part of the Tanakh	Tewir
Torah	2678
Front prophets	2016
Rear prophets	1837
Ketuvim	1329
total	7860

literature

Samuel Ransom: A Hebrew grammar, containing a copious and systematic development of the etymology and punctuation of that language. Snow, London 1843, OCLC 27824883 .
William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
Abraham Zvi Idelsohn : Jewish music in its historical development. Schocken Books, New York City 1967, OCLC 392557 .
Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The Art of Cantillation . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. Student Edition . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk - limited preview).
Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
Louis Jacobs: The Jewish Religion. A companion . Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 1995, OCLC 31938398 .
Martin Sicker: Aspects of Jewish metarational thought . iUniverse, New York City 2005, OCLC 61731632 .

Web links

Tevir on YouTube.com by Hazzan Michael Krausman www.cyBarMitzvah.com
Tevir group . 1.24 on YouTube.com by Hazzan Arianne Brown

Individual evidence

↑ נוסח תימן Yemenit . Tradition on YouTube.com
^ Jacobson (2002), p. 114.
^ Ransom, p. 207.
↑ Jacobson (2002), pp. 112-113.
↑ Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Two Words in a Tevir Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 45.
^ Jacobson (2005), p. 45: If there are two or more syllables separating the accents, the conjunctive will be darga .
^ Jacobson (2005), p. 45.
↑ Jacobson (2005), p. 45: If there are close to each other, the conjunctive will be merekha . This is the third use of merekha that we have encountered so far. In each case, it has a different melody.
^ Jacobson (2002), p. 113.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jacobson (2005), pp. 47-48.
^ Jacobson (2005), p. 47.
↑ Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Four Words in a Tevir Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 48.
↑ ^a ^b Jacobson (2005), p. 48.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jacobson (2005), p. 49.
↑ Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Five Words in a Tevir Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 49.
^ ^A ^b James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.
↑ Abraham Zebi Idelsohn: Jewish Music. Its Historical Development . Courier Corporation, 1992, ISBN 978-0-486-27147-7 , pp. 45 ( books.google.de - Ashkenazi melody for Tewir .).

[1] נוסח תימן Yemenit . Tradition on YouTube.com

[2] Jacobson (2002), p. 114.

[3] Ransom, p. 207.

[4] Jacobson (2002), pp. 112-113.

[5] Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Two Words in a Tevir Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 45.

[6] Jacobson (2005), p. 45: If there are two or more syllables separating the accents, the conjunctive will be darga .

[Jacobson2005_45-7] Jacobson (2005), p. 45.

[8] Jacobson (2005), p. 45: If there are close to each other, the conjunctive will be merekha . This is the third use of merekha that we have encountered so far. In each case, it has a different melody.

[9] Jacobson (2002), p. 113.

[Jacobson2005_4748-10] Jacobson (2005), pp. 47-48.

[11] Jacobson (2005), p. 47.

[12] Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Four Words in a Tevir Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 48.

[Jacobson2005_48-13] Jacobson (2005), p. 48.

[Jacobson2005_49-14] Jacobson (2005), p. 49.

[15] Unless otherwise stated, this section follows the chapter Five Words in a Tevir Segment in Jacobson (2005), p. 49.

[Price5-16] A ^b James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.

[17] Abraham Zebi Idelsohn: Jewish Music. Its Historical Development . Courier Corporation, 1992, ISBN 978-0-486-27147-7 , pp. 45 ( books.google.de - Ashkenazi melody for Tewir .).