Schalschelet

Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew
character	׀ ֓
Unicode	U + 0593
Schalschelet (Ashk. + Seph.)	שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת׀

Schalschelet ׀ ֓ ( Hebrew שַלְשֶלֶת, German: chain) is a trope in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim , which appear in the Tanach .

In the Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Italian traditions it is called shalschelet.

Schalschelet gedola and Schalschelet qetanna

Schalschelet
שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת ֓ דָּבָ֓ר
Biblical stress marks
Sof pasuq	ֽ ׃		Paseq	׀
Etnachta	֑		Segol	֒
Schalschelet	֓		Zakef katan	֔
Zakef gadol	֕		Tipcha	֖
Rewia	֗		Zinnorite	֘
Pashta	֙		Jetiw	֚
Tewir	֛		Geresch	֜
Geresch muqdam	֝		Gerzhayim	֞
Qarne para	֟		Telisha gedola	֠
Pazer	֡		Atnach hafuch	֢
Munach	֣		Mahpach	֤
Mercha	֥		Mercha kefula	֦
Darga	֧		Qadma	֨
Telisha qetanna	֩		Jerach ben jomo	֪
Ole we-Jored	֫ ֥		Illuj	֬
Dechi	֭		Zarqa	֮
Rewia gadol	֗		Rewia mugrasch	֜ ֗
Rewia qaton	֗		Mahpach legarmeh	֤ ׀
Azla legarmeh	֨ ׀		Kadma we-asla	֨ ֜
Maqqef	-		Meteg	ֽ

Schalschelet can appear in two different functions and can be used both subjunctive and disjunctive. There are two versions: Schalschelet gedola , the large Schalschelet with a separating function with Paseq and Schalschelet qetanna , the small Schalschelet with a connecting function without Paseq. Schalschelet gedola consists of two parts: a vertical zigzag line, the actual Schalschelet above the first letter of the stressed syllable and Paseq, a vertical line after the word. The paseq was added to emphasize the disjunctive function. In the poetic books, Schalschelet can be used both conjunctive and disjunctive. For example, in Psalm 3,3  BHS it is conjunctive, so the Paseq is missing there. In the other 21 books the Schalschelet appears only disjunctively.

description

symbolism

The symbolism should clarify the inner duality and disruption of the acting subject of the narrative, which is expressed in the hesitation in his external actions.

grammar

Grammatically, Schalschelet gedola is a disjunctive (separating) character of the second level instead of a Segol segment. In contrast to the Segol, the Schalschelet is not preceded by a conjunctive accent or a disjunctive accent of the lower level, it always stands alone at the beginning of the verse. Schalschelet replaces a segol that signals the end of a segment of the second level. While a Segol can never appear on the first word of a sentence, the Schalschelet takes on the function of a Segol in such cases.

melody

The length of Schalschelet varies up to about 30 tones; however, the number changes depending on the word on which it is used. Solomon Rosowsky names a variant with 18 notes and writes about it: “Of all the tropics, Schalschelet has the most complicated phonemes”.

• 

  Johannes Reuchlin : Schalschelet

• 

  Jewish Encyclopedia : Schalschelet

commitment

Words with Schalschelet appear only at the beginning of the verse. It appears in the 21 books only in Gen 19:16; Gen 24.12; Gen 39.8; Lev 8.23; Isa 13,8; Es 5.15 and Am 1.2. From a musical point of view, a word emphasized with Schalschelet receives very special attention.

Genesis 19:16

In Gen 19:16  BHS with the emphasis on the word “wajitmahmah” ( Hebrew וַיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ; dt .: and he lingered): This is the moment when Lot is in the city of Sodom , which is to be destroyed. The emphasis is to clarify Lot's feeling of insecurity.

Genesis 19:16
Entire verse	וַיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ | וַיַּֽחֲזִ֨יקוּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּיָ֣דוֹ וּבְיַד־אִשְׁתּ֗וֹ וּבְיַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔יו בְּחֶמְלַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה עָלָ֑יו וַיֹּֽצִאֻ֥הוּ וַיַּנִּחֻ֖הוּמִח֥וּץ לָעִֽיר ׃ But when he hesitated, the men took him and his wife and his two daughters by the hand, because the LORD wanted to spare him, and led him out and only released him outside the city. Gen 19,16  LUT
1st level	וַיֹּֽצִאֻ֥הוּ וַיַּנִּחֻ֖הוּ מִח֥וּץ לָעִֽיר׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq				וַיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ | וַיַּֽחֲזִ֨יקוּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּיָ֣דוֹ וּבְיַד־אִשְׁתּ֗וֹ וּבְיַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔יו בְּחֶמְלַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה עָלָ֑יו Etnachta
2nd level	מִח֥וּץ לָעִֽיר׃		וַיֹּֽצִאֻ֥הוּ וַיַּנִּחֻ֖הוּ Tipcha		וַיַּֽחֲזִ֨יקוּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּיָ֣דוֹ וּבְיַד־אִשְׁתּ֗וֹ וּבְיַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔יו בְּחֶמְלַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה עָלָ֑יו		וַיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ| shalshelet

Ezra 5.15

In Ezra 5:15  BHS with the emphasis on the word "lehu" ( Biblical-Aramaic לֵ֓הּוּ 'to him'): This is the moment of the commissioning to rebuild the Jerusalem temple under Zerubbabel and Yeshua.

Ezra 5.15
Entire verse	וַאֲמַר־לֵ֓הּ׀ אֵלֶּה מָֽאנַיָּ֔א שֵׂ֚א אֵֽזֶל־אֲחֵ֣ת הִמֹּ֔ו בְּהֵיכְלָ֖א דִּ֣י בִירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וּבֵ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖א יִתְבְּנֵ֥א עַל־אַתְרֵֽהּ׃ And he said to him, Take these utensils, go, and bring them to the temple in Jerusalem, and the house of God shall be built in its former place. Ezra 5.15  LUT
1st level	וּבֵ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖א יִתְבְּנֵ֥א עַל־אַתְרֵֽהּ׃ ׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq				וַאֲמַר־לֵ֓הּ׀ אֵלֶּה מָֽאנַיָּ֔א שֵׂ֚א אֵֽזֶל־אֲחֵ֣ת הִמֹּ֔ו בְּהֵיכְלָ֖א דִּ֣י בִירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם Etnachta
2nd level	יִתְבְּנֵ֥א עַל־אַתְרֵֽהּ׃		וּבֵ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖א Tipcha		אֵלֶּה מָֽאנַיָּ֔א שֵׂ֚א אֵֽזֶל־אֲחֵ֣ת הִמֹּ֔ו בְּהֵיכְלָ֖א דִּ֣י בִירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם		וַאֲמַר-לֵ֓הּ| shalshelet

Isaiah 13: 8

In Isaiah 13: 8  BHS with the emphasis on the word "weniwhalu" ( Hebrew וְֽנִבְהָ֓לוּ; German: "and they are frightened"): It is about the moment when judgment is held over the peoples . The emphasis is on feeling dismayed.

Isaiah 13: 8
Entire verse	וְֽנִבְהָ֓לוּ׀ צִירִ֤ים וַֽחֲבָלִים֙ יֹֽאחֵז֔וּן כַּיֹּולֵדָ֖ה יְחִיל֑וּן אִ֤ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֨הוּ֙ יִתְמָ֔הוּ פְּנֵ֥י לְהָבִ֖ים פְּנֵיהֶֽם׃ Terror, fear and pain will come to them, they will be as afraid as a woman giving birth. One will be horrified in front of the other Isa 13,8  LUT
1st level	אִ֤ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֨הוּ֙ יִתְמָ֔הוּ פְּנֵ֥י לְהָבִ֖ים פְּנֵיהֶֽם׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq				וְֽנִבְהָ֓לוּ׀ צִירִ֤ים וַֽחֲבָלִים֙ יֹֽאחֵז֔וּן כַּיֹּולֵדָ֖ה יְחִיל֑וּן Etnachta
2nd level					צִירִ֤ים וַֽחֲבָלִים֙ יֹֽאחֵז֔וּן כַּיֹּולֵדָ֖ה יְחִיל֑וּן		וְֽנִבְהָ֓לוּ׀ Shalelet

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of Schalschelet in the 21 books.

Part of the Tanakh	Schalschelet
Torah	4th
Front prophets	0
Rear prophets	2
Ketuvim	1
total	7th

Schalschelet in the poetic books

The two forms of Schalschelet gedola and Schalschelet qetanna also belong to the Ta'amei Sifrei Emet טַעֲמֵי סִפְרֵי אֱמֶ"ת. "Emet" is an acronym consisting of the Hebrew first letters of the books of Jobאִיוֹב= Aleph , proverbsמִשְלֵי(Mischle) = meme and psalmsתְהִלִּים(Tehilim) = Taw , there are also vowels to be able to pronounce the term. Schalschelet qetanna is a rare conjunction that appears only in poetic books. It always appears there in a series of several conjunctive signs.

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of the two forms in the three poetic books.

Part of the Tanakh	Schalschelet gedola	Schalschelet qetanna
Psalms	23	6th
Job	6th	0
claims	2	2
total	31	8th

literature

• Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
• James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
• Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
• Solomon Rosowsky: The Cantillation of the Bible . The Five Books of Moses. The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957.
• Israel Yeivin: Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah . Ed .: EJ Revell. Scholars Press, Missoula, Montana 1980, ISBN 0-89130-374-X .
• Page H. Kelley, Daniel S. Mynatt, Timothy G Crawford: The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Introduction and annotated glossary . WB Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 1998, OCLC 38168226 .
• Elyse Goldstein: The Women's Torah Commentary. New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions . Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock (Vermont) 2000, OCLC 43706613 .
• Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. Student Edition . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk - limited preview).
• Ronald H. Isaacs: A Taste of Torah. An Introduction to Thirteen Challenging Bible Stories . URJ Press, New York City 2006, OCLC 62755617 .
• William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
• William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
• Arthur Davis: The Hebrew accents of the twenty-one Books of the Bible (K "A Sefarim) with a new introduction. 1900 ( archive.org ).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Jacobson (2005), p. 60: "Its symbol has two parts: a pile of three left-pointing arrowheads placed over the first letter of the stressed syllable, and a vertical line placed after the word."
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Jacobson (2002), p. 105.
3. ↑ Yeivin, S. 272 (the original S. 371).
4. ↑ Jacobson (2002), p. 105 [footnote 14].
5. ↑ Under Duress in VaYeshev: The Shalshelet | Jewish Boston Blogs. jewishboston.com, accessed April 8, 2015 . 
6. ↑ On Not Trying to Be What You Are Not - Covenant & Conversation - Parsha. chabad.org, accessed April 8, 2015 . 
7. ^ Cohen, p. 546 .
8. ↑ "Of all the tropes Shalshaelaeth has the most complicated phonema" Rosowsky, S. 236th
9. ↑ Jacobson (2002), pp. 107-108.
10. ↑ Kelley et al., The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, p. 147 books.google.co.uk
11. ^ Jacobson, p. 65.
12. ↑ Goldstein, p. 64.
13. ↑ Rita Maria Steurer: The old testament. Interlinear translation Hebrew - German and transcription of the basic Hebrew text according to the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 1986. Volume 3. Isaiah - Jeremia - Ezekiel. Hänssler, Neuhausen-Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-7751-1275-8 , p. 68.
14. ↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.
15. ↑ Price, Vol. V, pp. 1279-1280.
16. ↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible , Volume V p. 1095.