Sof pasuq

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Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew
character
׃ ֽ
Unicode U + 05BD
Sof pasuq
סוֹף פָּסֽוּק׃
Silluq
סִלּֽוּק׃

Sof pasuq / Silluq Hebrew סִלּֽוּק/סוֹף פָּסֽוּק׃ or Sof pasuk / Siluk ׃ ֽ is a trope (from Yiddish טראָפּtrop) in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach . Translated, Sof Pasuq means 'end of the verse'. The sign is at the end of each verse in the Tanach and thus roughly corresponds to a point in German.

description

Sof pasuq
סוֹף פָּסֽוּק׃ ֽ ׃ דָּבָֽר׃
Biblical stress marks
Sof pasuq ֽ ׃   Paseq ׀
Etnachta ֑   Segol ֒
Schalschelet ֓   Zakef katan ֔
Zakef gadol ֕   Tipcha ֖
Rewia ֗   Zinnorite ֘
Pashta ֙   Jetiw ֚
Tewir ֛   Geresch ֜
Geresch muqdam ֝   Gerzhayim ֞
Qarne para ֟   Telisha gedola ֠
Pazer ֡   Atnach hafuch ֢
Munach ֣   Mahpach ֤
Mercha ֥   Mercha kefula ֦
Darga ֧   Qadma ֨
Telisha qetanna ֩   Jerach ben jomo ֪
Ole we-Jored ֫ ֥   Illuj ֬
Dechi ֭   Zarqa ֮
Rewia gadol ֗   Rewia mugrasch ֜ ֗
Rewia qaton ֗   Mahpach legarmeh ֤ ׀
Azla legarmeh ֨ ׀ Kadma we-asla ֨ ֜
Maqqef - Meteg ֽ

In the Ashkenazi tradition, the accent sign is called Sof pasuq or Silluq. In the Sephardic and Italian tradition it is called sof pasuq.

grammar

Sof pasuq is a top-level separator, the strongest of all separators, and is an emperor along with Etnachta in the hierarchy of characters. It corresponds to a point and ends a sentence. After Sof pasuq, the reading is always followed by a pause for breath, so some words in Sof pasuq appear in pause forms .

symbol

The symbol consists of a combination of two characters, the colon Sof pasuq ׃ and the Silluq, a small vertical line under the stressed syllable, which is why it is either Sof pasuq or Silluq. However, to avoid confusion with the punctuation mark Sof pasuq, Jacobson calls it Silluq, while classical teaching prefers the term Sof pasuq. According to Jacobson, sof pasuq is just a punctuation mark that resembles the colon and is used at every passage in the Jewish Bible. It is only a cantillation symbol in combination with Silluq.

Silluq and Meteg

Silluq ֽ and Meteg מֶתֶגֽ have the same symbol. Meteg is used for particularly long words or for groups of words that are connected with Maqqef to indicate secondary stress. If Silluq and Meteg appear together in the same word, then Meteg comes before Silluq. Jacobson illustrates this with the example of לְעֵֽינֵיהֶֽם. Silluq only occurs with Sof Pasuq and Sof Pasuq never appears alone with Meteg.

Sof parascha

Sof parascha (סוֹף פָּרָשָׁה) is a special form of Sof pasuq. This marks the end of a Parascha , i.e. the end of a single Torah reading . Sof parascha is sung in a different melody to indicate the end of the reading. Sof parascha can be used for different verses based on different reading plans, for example for the full parascha on Shabbat Shacharit , or also for a partial Torah reading, such as weekdays, on Shabbat Mincha , on selected holidays or in a three-year cycle .

Sof sefer

Another version of the Sof pasuq is the stress symbol Sof sefer (סוֹף סֵפֶר). A special melody is inserted at the end of each of the five books of the Torah . The words "Chasak, chasak wenitchasek" (חָזָק חָזָק וְנִתְחַזֵּק, dt .: Be strong, be strong, that we may be strengthened) from Exodus 1: 1-6: 1 are emphasized. After the closing words, these are first presented by the congregation and then repeated by the cantor.

Sof Pasuq Group

Possible combinations

Sof pasuq / Silluq Mercha Tipcha Mercha
׃ ֽ ֥ ֖ ֥

Sof pasuq / Silluq also occurs with a preceding mercha, tipcha, and mercha, in that order, either all or some of them. However, the prayer melodies of the tropics Mercha and Tipcha in the Sof-Pasuq group differ from that in the Etnachta tropical group. There are five alternatives in total.

Jacobson illustrates the combination consisting of Silluq and Mercha using the examples Lev 16,13 BHS וְלֹ֥א יָמֽוּת׃, Lev 17,1 BHS אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃, Gen 12,6 BHS אָ֥ז בָּאָֽרֶץ׃, Gen 13,6 BHS לָשֶׁ֥בֶת יַחְדָּֽו׃, Gen 20,13 BHS אָחִ֥י הֽוּא׃, Gen 9,26 BHS (עֶ֥בֶד לָֽמֹו׃).

Different ways to read the Ten Commandments

When reading the Ten Commandments, there are two versions of the prayer melodies. The first version divides the melodies into 13 stanzas based on the number of sof-pasuq characters. The second version divides it into ten verses, corresponding to the actual number of the Ten Commandments. For this reason, there is not a sof pasuq at the end of every bid.

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of Sof pasuq in the 21 books.

Part of the Tanakh Sof pasuq
Torah 5852
Front prophets 4318
Rear prophets 4975
Ketuvim 3599
total 18744

In the poetic books

Sof pasuq / Silluq is one of the Ta'amei Sifrei Emet, the characters of the three poetic books of Job אִיוֹב= Aleph , proverbsמִשְלֵי(Mischle) = meme and psalmsתְהִלִּים(Tehilim) = Taw , there are also vowels to be able to pronounce the term.

The function of Sof pasuq / Silluq is similar to that in the 21 books, but Silluq is the only separator of the top level (emperor). A verse can be divided into one, two, or three sections or stitches. There are verses that have no Etnachta, verses with two sections are divided with Etnachta, and verses with three sections end the first part with Ole we-Jored, the second with Etnachta and the last with Sof pasuq. The separation by Ole we-Jored has more weight than a separation by Etnachta.

Sof pasuq can be without conjunctions or can have several preceding conjunctive signs. Often it is a Mercha or Munach and more rarely an Illuj. If two conjunctions appear, it is mostly Munach with a preceding tarcha . More than two conjunctive signs are rare and in such cases another preceding separator has dropped out for musical reasons, so that only its conjunctions remain.

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of Sof pasuq / Silluq in the three poetic books.

Part of the Tanakh Sof pasuq / Silluq
Psalms 2527
Job 1023
claims 915
total 4465

literature

  • William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
  • William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
  • Arthur Davis: The Hebrew accents of the twenty-one Books of the Bible (K "A Sefarim) with a new introduction. 1900 ( archive.org )
  • Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
  • Joseph Telushkin: Jewish literacy. The most important things to know about the Jewish religion, its people, and its history . W. Morrow, New York City 1991, OCLC 22703384 .
  • James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
  • Marshall Portnoy, Josée Wolff: Art of Torah Cantillation. A Step-by-Step Guide to Chanting Torah . Uahc, New York 2000, OCLC 609566565 .
  • Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
  • Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. Student Edition . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Accents, Hebrew - Sof passuk. In: Georg Herlitz, Ismar Elbogen : Jüdisches Lexikon: an encyclopedic handbook of Jewish knowledge in four volumes. Jüdischer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 477–478 ( sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de ).
  2. ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 3: Trop. «In Yiddish, the lingua franca of the Jews in Northern Europe […], these accents came to at known as trop . The derivation of this word seems to be from the Greek tropos or Latin tropus  ».
  3. Solomon Rosowsky: The cantillation of the Bible . The Five Books of Moses. The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957 .: "Cantillation proceeds according to the special graphic signs - tropes or accents - attached to every word in the Bible." In connection with a footnote to tropes : "In this work we use the term trope ( Greek tropos - turn) long accepted in Jewish practice. "
  4. "Do not confuse Siluk with the sof pasuk sign. Sof pasuk (׃) is a symbol resembling a colon that is placed at the end of every verse in the Bible. It has nothing to do with chanting. "Jacobson (2005), p. 41.
  5. a b c d Jacobson (2005), pp. 41-42.
  6. ^ Theodore Karp: Aspects of orality and formularity in Gregorian chant. P. 25.
  7. mattrutta.blogspot.com
  8. rabbinicalassembly.org (PDF)
  9. The Sof pasuq can be preceded by the marks Mercha, Tipcha, and Mercha in that order, including either all or some of these. However, these Merchas and Tipchas do not have the same melody as those in the Etnachta Group. Marshall Portnoy, Josée Wolff: The Art of Cantillation. Volume 2: A Step-By-Step Guide to Chanting Haftarot. P. 15.
  10. ^ Altogether, there are five possible arrangements how these can appear. Marshall Portnoy, Josée Wolff: The Art of Cantillation, Volume 2: A Step-By-Step Guide to Chanting Haftarot. P. 16.
  11. ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 547 f.
  12. Michael Friedländer, Abraham ben Meïr Ibn Ezra: Essays on the writings of Abraham ibn Ezra. Pp. 113-14.
  13. James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.
  14. Price, Vol. 5, pp. 1105-1107.
  15. James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible. Volume V, p. 1095.