Etnachta

Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew
character	֑
Unicode	U + 0591
Etnachta (Ashkenazi)	אֶתְנַחְתָּ֑א
Atnach (Sephardic)	אַתְנָ֑ח
Atnach (Italian)	אַתְנָ֑ח
Etnaḥa / Atnocho (Yemeni)	אֶתְנָחָ֑א

Etnachta ֑ ( Hebrew אֶתְנַחְתָּא) or Atnach is a trope in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach .

In the Ashkenazi tradition it is called "Etnachta". In the Sephardic and Italian tradition, it is "Atnach" ( Hebrew אתְנָ֑ח) called. In the Yemeni tradition it is also called "Atnocho" (אתנ֑חא).

description

Etnachta

אֶתְנַחְתָּ֪א

֑

דָּבׇ֑ר

Biblical stress marks

ֽ ׃

׀

֑

֒

֓

֔

֕

֖

֗

֘

֙

֚

֛

֜

֝

֞

֟

֠

֡

֢

֣

֤

֥

֦

֧

֨

֩

֪

֫ ֥

֬

֭

֮

֗

֜ ֗

֗

֤ ׀

֨ ׀

֨ ֜

-

ֽ

grammar

From a grammatical point of view, Etnachta is a disjunction and divides the sentence into two parts at the highest level. The first half is concluded with Etnachta, the second half with Sof pasuq / Silluq. The Hebrew word is pause in German. This symbol marks the end of a larger section of meaning with a pause in speaking; accordingly, the pausal forms of words are sometimes found at this point . In its function as a strong separator, Atnach corresponds to a comma as a punctuation mark, often also a period or semicolon. It can only appear once in each sentence and sometimes the sign does not appear in short sentences.

An example is the first verse of the book of Genesis . The declaration about God's creation is marked with an etnachta to indicate that it is complete.

Genesis 19:16

In Genesis 19:16 BHS the verse is divided into an Etnachta segment and a Sof-Pasuq segment on the first level.

Genesis 19:16
Entire verse	וַיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ \| וַיַּֽחֲזִ֨יקוּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּיָ֣דוֹ וּבְיַד־אִשְׁתּ֗וֹ וּבְיַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔יו בְּחֶמְלַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה עָלָ֑יו וַיֹּֽצִאֻ֥הוּ וַיַּנִּחֻ֖הוּמִח֥וּץ לָעִֽיר ׃ But when he hesitated, the men took him and his wife and his two daughters by the hand, because the LORD wanted to spare him, and led him out and only released him outside the city. Gen 19,16 LUT
1st level	וַיֹּֽצִאֻ֥הוּ וַיַּנִּחֻ֖הוּ מִח֥וּץ לָעִֽיר׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq				וַיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ \| וַיַּֽחֲזִ֨יקוּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּיָ֣דוֹ וּבְיַד־אִשְׁתּ֗וֹ וּבְיַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔יו בְּחֶמְלַ֥ת יְהֹוָ֖ה עָלָ֑יו Etnachta

Genesis 24.12

Also in Genesis 24.12 BHS the verse is divided into an Etnachta segment and a Sof-Pasuq segment on the first level.

Genesis 24.12
Entire verse	וַיֹּאמַ֓ר׀ יְהוָ֗ה אֱלֹהֵי֙ אֲדֹנִ֣י אַבְרָהָ֔ם הַקְרֵה־נָ֥א לְפָנַ֖י הַיֹּ֑ום וַעֲשֵׂה־חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם אֲדֹנִ֥י אַבְרָהָֽם׃ And he said, Lord, you God of Abraham my lord, let me succeed this day and show mercy to Abraham my lord. Gen 24.12 LUT
1st level	וַעֲשֵׂה־חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם אֲדֹנִ֥י אַבְרָהָֽם׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq				וַיֹּאמַ֓ר׀ יְהוָ֗ה אֱלֹהֵי֙ אֲדֹנִ֣י אַבְרָהָ֔ם הַקְרֵה־נָ֥א לְפָנַ֖י הַיֹּ֑ום Etnachta

Genesis 39.8

Gen 39.8 BHS also makes a first-level subdivision into the Sof-Pasuq segment and the Etnachta segment.

Genesis 39.8
Entire verse	וַיְמָאֵ֓ן׀ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל־אֵ֣שֶׁת אֲדֹנָ֔יו הֵ֣ן אֲדֹנִ֔י לֹא־יָדַ֥ע אִתִּ֖י מַה־בַּבָּ֑יִת וְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יֶשׁ־לֹ֖ו נָתַ֥ן בְּיָדִֽי׃ But he refused and said to her: See, my lord does not care about anything, since he has me is in the house, and everything that he has he has put under my hands; Gen 39,8 LUT
1st level	וְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יֶשׁ־לֹ֖ו נָתַ֥ן בְּיָדִֽי׃ Sof pasuq / Silluq				וַיְמָאֵ֓ן׀ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל־אֵ֣שֶׁת אֲדֹנָ֔יו הֵ֣ן אֲדֹנִ֔י לֹא־יָדַ֥ע אִתִּ֖י מַה־בַּבָּ֑יִת Etnachta

group

The tropical group named after the Trope Etnachta consists of the tropics Mercha, Tipcha, Munach and Etnachta, although not all of them have to occur.

Etnachta and Munach

If the Etnacht segment consists of only two words, and the previous word relates in meaning to the word stressed with Etnachta, the previous word is stressed with Munach.

Occurrence

The table shows the occurrence of Etnachta in the 21 books.

Part of the Tanakh	Etnachta
Torah	5483
Front prophets	4134
Rear prophets	4796
Ketuvim	2933
total	17346

melody

De accentibus, et orthographia, linguae Hebraicae (Reuchlin, Anshelm, 1518). Read from right to left.

Etnachta in the poetic books

grammar

In the poetic books, Etnachta has a slightly different function. It is no longer a separator for the top level, but for the second level, so not an emperor, but a king. In two-part sentences, it divides the sentence into two halves, with three-part sentences, however, Ole we-Jored separates the first part of the sentence, the rest is divided by Atnach, so that three parts result. In this case, Ole we-Jored is the stronger divider. The last part is completed by Sof pasuq and Silluq.

An Atnach segment cannot consist of a single word, so it cannot appear on the first word. If the segment only consists of two words, Mercha can appear as a conjunction on the preceding word, but Dechi can also occur, which then loses its separating function and is used conjunctively. If the segment contains three or more words, a Dechi appears or instead of Dechi a Rewia gadol appears for further subdivision. Rewia Gadol can also appear twice.

Atnach can appear without its own conjunction. Frequently occurring conjunctions are Munach or Mercha, more than one conjunction rarely occurs and is often due to a failed dechi, of which one conjunction has remained.

Occurrence

Etnachta is also one of the Ta'amei Sifrei Emet טַעֲמֵי סִפְרֵי אֱמֶ"ת. "Emet" is an acronym consisting of the Hebrew first letters of the books of Jobאִיוֹב= Aleph , proverbsמִשְלֵי(Mischle) = meme and psalmsתְהִלִּים(Tehilim) = Taw , there are also vowels to be able to pronounce the term. The table shows the occurrence of Etnachta in the three poetic books.

Part of the Tanakh	Etnachta
Psalms	2335
Job	977
claims	904
total	4216

literature

Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. Student Edition . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk - limited preview).
Louis Jacobs: The Jewish Religion. A companion . Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 1995, OCLC 31938398 .
James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
Martin Sicker: Aspects of Jewish metarational thought . iUniverse, New York City 2005, OCLC 61731632 .
William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).

Web links

First trope-group : etnachta on YouTube.com
Etnachta group on YouTube.com

Individual evidence

↑ לימוד טעמי המקרא נוסח ספרדי ירושלמי Sephardic tradition on YouTube.com
↑ נוסח תימן Yemenit . Tradition on YouTube.com
^ Jacobson (2005), p. 42.
↑ Jacobson (2002), pp. 35-39.
↑ “An example is in the very first verse of the Book of Genesis, the statement that God created is marked with an Etnachta, showing the completion of God's creation”, Sicker, p. 61.
^ Jacobson (2005), p. 111.
↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.
^ Wickes, Poetical Books, p. 58.
^ Wickes, Poetical Books, p. 59.
^ Price, Volume V, pp. 1151-1153.
↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible. Volume V, p. 1095.

[1] לימוד טעמי המקרא נוסח ספרדי ירושלמי Sephardic tradition on YouTube.com

[2] נוסח תימן Yemenit . Tradition on YouTube.com

[Jacobson-3] Jacobson (2005), p. 42.

[4] Jacobson (2002), pp. 35-39.

[5] “An example is in the very first verse of the Book of Genesis, the statement that God created is marked with an Etnachta, showing the completion of God's creation”, Sicker, p. 61.

[6] Jacobson (2005), p. 111.

[Price6-7] James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.

[8] Wickes, Poetical Books, p. 58.

[9] Wickes, Poetical Books, p. 59.

[10] Price, Volume V, pp. 1151-1153.

[Price1095-11] James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible. Volume V, p. 1095.