Maqqef
| Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew | |
|---|---|
| character | -
|
| Unicode | 05BE |
| Maqqef or Makkef | מַקֵּף
|
| Maqqaf | מַקָּף
|
Maqqef or Makkef in Hebrew מַקֵּף“Connecting” is a hyphen in the Hebrew script that closely connects two or more words. The connected words lose their stressed syllables in favor of a common main tone for the entire phrase. The sign is used in vocalized and accented biblical texts and does not only play a role in cantillation .
character
| Maqqef | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||
| Biblical stress marks | |||||||
| Sof pasuq | ֽ ׃ | Paseq | ׀ | ||||
| Etnachta | ֑ | Segol | ֒ | ||||
| Schalschelet | ֓ | Zakef katan | ֔ | ||||
| Zakef gadol | ֕ | Tipcha | ֖ | ||||
| Rewia | ֗ | Zinnorite | ֘ | ||||
| Pashta | ֙ | Jetiw | ֚ | ||||
| Tewir | ֛ | Geresch | ֜ | ||||
| Geresch muqdam | ֝ | Gerzhayim | ֞ | ||||
| Qarne para | ֟ | Telisha gedola | ֠ | ||||
| Pazer | ֡ | Atnach hafuch | ֢ | ||||
| Munach | ֣ | Mahpach | ֤ | ||||
| Mercha | ֥ | Mercha kefula | ֦ | ||||
| Darga | ֧ | Qadma | ֨ | ||||
| Telisha qetanna | ֩ | Jerach ben jomo | ֪ | ||||
| Ole we-Jored | ֫ ֥ | Illuj | ֬ | ||||
| Dechi | ֭ | Zarqa | ֮ | ||||
| Rewia gadol | ֗ | Rewia mugrasch | ֜ ֗ | ||||
| Rewia qaton | ֗ | Mahpach legarmeh | ֤ ׀ | ||||
| Azla legarmeh | ֨ ׀ | Kadma we-asla | ֨ ֜ | ||||
| Maqqef | - | Meteg | ֽ | ||||
The sign Maqqef is a horizontal line between two words at the level of the upper edge of the letters. Sometimes maqqef is replaced by a conjunctive accent on the same word and vice versa.
use
Certain monosyllabic prepositions and conjunctions like אִם־ (if / ob) מִן־ (from), פֶּן־ (with), אֶל־ (um), עַד־ (to), עַל־ (on), עִם־ (with) and die Nota accusativi אֶת־ are often represented with a following maqqef. Examples are כָּל־אָדָ֫ם (every man / all people), אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֫שֶׂב (every herb), אֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ (everything he had). However, this does not apply if they are combined with prefixes , e.g. B. מֵעַל, מֵעִם, in these cases no maqqef follows. If monosyllabic words follow longer words, they are connected by maqqef. It is also possible to combine words with multiple syllables, e.g. B. שִׁבְעָֽה־עָשָׂר.
The word compound of several words by Maqqef is treated like a single word in the cantillation. The rules for the setting of maqqef are not consistently carried out in the Hebrew Bible text. Often, on a group of words with Maqqef, a meteg appears in addition to the main accent , which indicates a subordinate stress. In terms of function, Maqqef is comparable to a hyphen in the Latin writing system.
literature
- Wilhelm Gesenius , Hebrew Grammar , 28th edition (revised by Emil Kautzsch), Vogel, Leipzig 1909. Digitized
- Gotthelf Bergsträsser , Hebrew Grammar, Leipzig 1918, digitized
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible . The art of cantillation. 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible . Student Edition. The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 978-0-8276-0816-0 ( online ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 398.
- ^ A b c d e Wilhelm Gesenius , Grammar pp. 66–67, digitized in the Internet Archive .
- ↑ Gotthelf Bergsträsser , Hebräische Grammatik, Leipzig 1918, p. 70. Digitized