Pashta
| Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew | |
|---|---|
| character | ֙
|
| Unicode | U + 059C |
| Pashta (Ashkenazi) |
פַּשְׁטָא֙
|
| Kadma (Sephardic) | קַדְמָא֙
|
| Pashta (Italian) |
פַּשְׁטָא֙
|
| Fischto (Yemeni) | פִשְׁטָא֙
|
Pashta ֙ ( Aramaic : פַּשְׁטָא֙) is a trope of ( Yiddish טראָפּtrop) in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the biblical sentence, stress and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach .
description
| Pashta | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||
| Biblical stress marks | |||||||
| Sof pasuq | ֽ ׃ | Paseq | ׀ | ||||
| Etnachta | ֑ | Segol | ֒ | ||||
| Schalschelet | ֓ | Zakef katan | ֔ | ||||
| Zakef gadol | ֕ | Tipcha | ֖ | ||||
| Rewia | ֗ | Zinnorite | ֘ | ||||
| Pashta | ֙ | Jetiw | ֚ | ||||
| Tewir | ֛ | Geresch | ֜ | ||||
| Geresch muqdam | ֝ | Gerzhayim | ֞ | ||||
| Qarne para | ֟ | Telisha gedola | ֠ | ||||
| Pazer | ֡ | Atnach hafuch | ֢ | ||||
| Munach | ֣ | Mahpach | ֤ | ||||
| Mercha | ֥ | Mercha kefula | ֦ | ||||
| Darga | ֧ | Qadma | ֨ | ||||
| Telisha qetanna | ֩ | Jerach ben jomo | ֪ | ||||
| Ole we-Jored | ֫ ֥ | Illuj | ֬ | ||||
| Dechi | ֭ | Zarqa | ֮ | ||||
| Rewia gadol | ֗ | Rewia mugrasch | ֜ ֗ | ||||
| Rewia qaton | ֗ | Mahpach legarmeh | ֤ ׀ | ||||
| Azla legarmeh | ֨ ׀ | Kadma we-asla | ֨ ֜ | ||||
| Maqqef | - | Meteg | ֽ | ||||
In the Ashkenazi tradition, the trope is called Pashta (פַּשְׁטָא֙). In the Sephardic tradition it is called Kadma ( Aramaic : קַדְמָא֙). In the Italian tradition, as in the Ashkenazi tradition, it is also called Pashta (פַּשְׁטָא֙). In the Yemeni tradition, however, it is called Fischto (פִשְׁטָא֙).
symbol
Pashta has the same symbol as Kadma. Both are distinguished solely by the position of the symbol. In Trope Kadma, the stress sign is always above the first syllable of the word. In Trope Pashta, however, the stress mark appears on the far left above the last syllable of the word. If the accent is not on the last syllable, Pashta appears again over the first letter of the stressed syllable. Jacobson illustrates the double symbol on Dtn 4,25 BHS פֶּ֨סֶל֙.
Combinations
Pashta is a disjunctive accent that further subdivides a Zakef katon segment.
| Zakef katon | Munach | Pashta | Mahpach or Mercha |
|---|---|---|---|
| ֔ | ֣ | ֙ |
֤ ֥ |
In a two-word Pashta segment, when the preceding word refers to the word marked Pashta, it is emphasized with a conjunctive accent. The predecessors of Pashta are the conjunctive accents Mahpach or Mercha :
If the accents are two or more syllables apart, then mahpach is used as a connector to Pashta. Jacobson illustrates this for the combination consisting of Pashta and Mahpach with the examples Ex 12.15 BHS (שִׁבְעַ֤ת יָמִים֙) and (הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙), Ex 12.6 BHS (וְהָיָ֤ה לָכֶם֙), Ex 11.8 BHS (צֵ֤א אַתָּה֙).
If the accents are together, the conjunctive accent Mercha is used as a connector to Pashta. Jacobson illustrates this for the combination consisting of Pashta and Mercha using the examples Gen 32.19 BHS (מִנְחָ֥ה הִוא֙), Gen 32.29 BHS (יֵאָמֵ֥ר עֹוד֙), Gen 31 13 BHS (ק֥וּם צֵא֙).
Pashta's successor is usually Zakef katon or Munach together with Zakef katon: The Pashta can be followed by Zakef katon standing alone. Jacobson illustrates the combination of Pashta and Zakef katon using the example of Gen 12.16 BHS (וַעֲבָדִים֙ וּשְׁפָחֹ֔ת). The Pashta can also be followed by a combination of Munach and Zakef katon. Jacobson illustrates this for the combination consisting of Mercha, Pashta, Munach and Zakef Katon using the example of Gen 37.9 BHS (וַיַּחֲלֹ֥ם עֹוד֙ חֲלֹ֣ום אַחֵ֔ר).
If a Zakef katon segment is divided in such a way that the Pashta segment would only consist of one word, Pashta is replaced by Jetiw.
| Zakef katon | Munach | Pashta | Pashta | Mahpach |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ֔ | ֣ | ֙ | ֙ | ֤ |
| Zakef katon | Pashta | Mahpach | Pashta | Mahpach |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ֔ | ֙ | ֤ | ֙ | ֤ |
When there are two Pashta in a segment, the first Pashta is emphasized as a disjunction ; H. after the first Pashta there is a longer pause. This applies to the combinations consisting of Mahpach, Pashta, Pashta, Munach and Zakef katon or Mahpach, Pashta, Mahpach, Pashta and Zakef katon.
For the combination consisting of Mahpach, Pashta, Pashta, Munach and Zakef katon, Jacobson illustrates this using the example of Gen 27.31 BHS (יָקֻ֤ם אָבִי֙ וְיֹאכַל֙ מִצֵּ֣יד בְּנֹ֔ו). For the combination consisting of Mahpach, Pashta, Mahpach, Pashta and Zakef katon, Jacobson illustrates this using the example of Gen 25,30 BHS (הַלְעִיטֵ֤נִי נָא֙ מִן־הָאָדֹ֤ם הָאָדֹם֙ הַזֶּ֔ה).
Occurrence
The table shows the occurrence of Pashta in the 21 books.
| Part of the Tanakh | Pashta |
|---|---|
| Torah | 5429 |
| Front prophets | 5349 |
| Rear prophets | 5935 |
| Ketuvim | 3916 |
| total | 20629 |
literature
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
- Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
- James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. Student Edition . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk - limited preview).
- Louis Jacobs: The Jewish Religion: A Companion . Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York 1995, OCLC 31938398 .
- Martin Sicker: Aspects of Jewish metarational thought . iUniverse, New York City 2005, OCLC 61731632 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jacobson (2005), p. 221; Esther 172; Festival Megillot 150; Haftarah 119; High holiday 201; Lamentations 99; Torah 53.
- ^ Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation. Jewish Publication Society. Philadelphia 2002. ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 , pp. 407, 936.
- ^ Jacobson (2002), p. 3: Trop. «In Yiddish, the lingua franca of the Jews in Northern Europe […], these accents came to at known as trop . The derivation of this word seems to be from the Greek tropos or Latin tropus ».
- ↑ Solomon Rosowsky: The cantillation of the Bible. The Five Books of Moses . The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957 .: "Cantillation proceeds according to the special graphic signs - tropes or accents - attached to every word in the Bible." In connection with a footnote to tropes : "In this work we use the term trope ( Greek tropos - turn) long accepted in Jewish practice. "
- ↑ Jacobson (2005), p. 53: "The symbol for pashta looks like kadmah but with one important difference: Kadmah (a conjunctive) ... is placed over the first letter of the stressed syllable, while pashta (a disjunctive) is placed on the extreme left end of the word ... »
- ↑ a b c d Jacobson (2005), p. 54.
- ↑ Jacobson (2005), p. 54: If there are two or more syllables separating the accents, the conjunctive will be mahpach .
- ↑ Jacobson (2005), p. 54: "If the accents are close to each other, the conjunctive will be merekha instead fo mahpakh . … In the merekha-pashta combination, the two acented syllables are contiguos - the merekha word is accented on the last syllabe, and the pashta word has no pick-up ».
- ↑ a b c d Jacobson (2005), p. 55.
- ↑ James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance…. 1st volume, p. 5.