Qadma
| Stress mark or accent unicode block Hebrew | |
|---|---|
| character | ֨
|
| Unicode | U + 05A8 |
| Qadma (Ashkenazi) |
קַדְמָ֨א
|
| Azla (Sephardic) | אַזְלָ֨א
|
| Qadma (Italian) | קַדְמָ֨א
|
Qadma or Kadma ֨ ( Aramaic : קַדְמָ֨א) is a trope in the Jewish liturgy and is one of the Biblical sentence, accent and cantillation symbols Teamim that appear in the Tanach .
description
| Qadma | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||
| Biblical stress marks | |||||||
| Sof pasuq | ֽ ׃ | Paseq | ׀ | ||||
| Etnachta | ֑ | Segol | ֒ | ||||
| Schalschelet | ֓ | Zakef katan | ֔ | ||||
| Zakef gadol | ֕ | Tipcha | ֖ | ||||
| Rewia | ֗ | Zinnorite | ֘ | ||||
| Pashta | ֙ | Jetiw | ֚ | ||||
| Tewir | ֛ | Geresch | ֜ | ||||
| Geresch muqdam | ֝ | Gerzhayim | ֞ | ||||
| Qarne para | ֟ | Telisha gedola | ֠ | ||||
| Pazer | ֡ | Atnach hafuch | ֢ | ||||
| Munach | ֣ | Mahpach | ֤ | ||||
| Mercha | ֥ | Mercha kefula | ֦ | ||||
| Darga | ֧ | Qadma | ֨ | ||||
| Telisha qetanna | ֩ | Jerach ben jomo | ֪ | ||||
| Ole we-Jored | ֫ ֥ | Illuj | ֬ | ||||
| Dechi | ֭ | Zarqa | ֮ | ||||
| Rewia gadol | ֗ | Rewia mugrasch | ֜ ֗ | ||||
| Rewia qaton | ֗ | Mahpach legarmeh | ֤ ׀ | ||||
| Azla legarmeh | ֨ ׀ | Kadma we-asla | ֨ ֜ | ||||
| Maqqef | - | Meteg | ֽ | ||||
In the Ashkenazi tradition, the trope is called “Kadma”, “Qadma” or “Kadmah” ( Aramaic : קַדְמָ֨א). In the Sephardic tradition it is called "Azla" ( Aramaic : אַזְלָ֨א). In the Italian tradition it is also called "Qadma" ( Aramaic : קַדְמָ֨א).
symbol
Qadma has the same symbol as Pashta . Both are distinguished solely by the position of the symbol. In Trope Qadma, the stress sign is always in the middle above the first letter of the stressed syllable of the word. In Trope Pashta, however, the stress mark appears to the left above the last letter of the word. If the word with Pashta is not stressed on the last syllable, a second Pashta will appear above the first letter of the stressed syllable. Qadma, on the other hand, never occurs twice in a word.
grammar
Qadma is a conjunctive sign that indicates a connection.
Possible combinations
| Geresch | Qadma | Telisha qetanna | Munach |
|---|---|---|---|
| ֜ | ֨ | ֩ | ֣ |
There is the possibility of combining Geresch , Qadma, Telischa qetanna and Munach .
Jacobson illustrates this with the examples Gen 50.13 BHS אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָנָה֩ אַבְרָהָ֨ם אֶת־הַשָּׂדֶ֜ה, Gen 12.5 BHS וַיִּקַּ֣ח אַבְרָם֩ אֶת־שָׂרַ֨י אִשְׁתֹּ֜ו, Ex 15.19 BHS כִּ֣י בָא֩ ס֨וּס פַּרְעֹ֜ה, Ex 27.18 BHS אֹ֣רֶךְ הֶֽחָצֵר֩ מֵאָ֨ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה בָֽאַמָּ֜ה Gen 38.11 BHS וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָה֩ לְתָמָ֨ר כַּלָּתֹ֜ו.
Occurrence
The table shows the occurrence of qadma in the 21 books.
| Part of the Tanakh | Qadma |
|---|---|
| Torah | 1733 |
| Front prophets | 2049 |
| Rear prophets | 1492 |
| Ketuvim | 1240 |
| total | 6514 |
literature
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the three so-called poetical books on the Old Testament, Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. 1881 ( archive.org ).
- William Wickes: A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament. 1887 ( archive.org ).
- Arthur Davis: The Hebrew accents of the twenty-one Books of the Bible (K "A Sefarim) with a new introduction. 1900 ( archive.org ).
- Francis L. Cohen: Cantillation . In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): The Jewish Encyclopedia . tape III . KTAV Publishing House, New York, S. 542-548 (1901-1906).
- Solomon Rosowsky: The Cantillation of the Bible. The Five Books of Moses . The Reconstructionist Press, New York 1957.
- James D. Price: Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible . Volume I: Concordance of the Hebrew Accents used in the Pentateuch . Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7734-2395-8 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. The art of cantillation . 1st edition. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2002, ISBN 0-8276-0693-1 .
- Israel Yeivin: Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah . Ed .: EJ Revell. Scholars Press, Missoula, Montana 1980, ISBN 0-89130-374-X .
- Page H. Kelley, Daniel S. Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford: The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary . WB Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 1998, OCLC 38168226 .
- Joshua R. Jacobson: Chanting the Hebrew Bible. Student Edition . The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2005, ISBN 0-8276-0816-0 ( books.google.co.uk - limited preview).