Lapwing (game observer)

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In many board and card games, for example chess and skat , spectators watching a game are called lapwing .

In card games, it is common for a lapwing to only see one player's cards. This is to prevent possible signaling gestures or comments. At large international and national tournaments (chess, bridge ), lapwing is only possible via monitors. In chess, the term is sometimes used pejoratively; what is meant then are observers who interfere through interim remarks. The word is also known in the English-speaking world as kibitz or kibitzer (noun) or to kibitz (verb). In Polish, a "kibic" is a fan of a sport, a sports club or, in general, a spectator of a sporting event.

Origin of the word

With the bird species lapwing , whose name originated as a sound word from the warning call of this plover , the name for the game observer is probably only connected through folk etymology . Sound form and usage are probably influenced by this bird name ( secondary motivation in the understanding of linguistics ), but the name arose from a different root. According to the prevailing linguistic opinion, it comes from the Rotwelschen , the secret language of travelers and crooks , where since the 19th century the forms Kiewisch , Chippesch , Gippesch , Kippesch , with the meanings "search, investigation, body search", plus the compositions Medinekiewisch (" Land patrol, police hunt for gypsies "), Unterkiewisch (" investigation, investigation process ") and the verbs kiewischen , kibitschen , Chippischen , unterkiewischen (" examine, search through ") as well as beibibish (" touch ") are attested.

In Rotwelschen, the word refers initially to the authoritarian Kiewisch against Rotwelsch spokespersons and "gypsies" and to the medical examination of prostitutes , as well as more generally to the searching of bags, clothes, rooms and the mutual examination of the Rotwelsch spokespersons after a successful criminal undertaking Ensuring that none of the participants misappropriates any part of the loot. The original usage also lives on in the related Austrian word Kiberer ("policeman").

The term kibitz was already used in chess in 1855 . In the second half of the 19th century at the latest, the word was transferred to the field of card games and from there was used in everyday German and subsequently also in literary language.

The root of the Rotwelschen word is not known for certain, in older literature a Yiddish word kobesch sein or koiwesch be “to overcome , to suppress” and a possible influence of kewius “certainty, security” was assumed.

Remarks

  1. ^ Entry "Kiebitz", in: Klaus Lindörfer: Schachlexikon. History. Theory and game practice from AZ , Orbis Verlag, Munich 1991, p. 137, ISBN 3572027349
  2. ↑ Kluge, Etymological Dictionary of the German Language , edited by Elmar Seebold, 23., Erw. Ed., Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1995, p. 440
  3. ↑ Anders Artur Kutzelnigg, pilfering, kiebitzen in: Native 92 (1982), pp 196-199, the bird name and Saxon variant Stiebitz as the root of words stibizen and kiebitzen attaches
  4. ^ A b c Siegmund A. Wolf, Dictionary des Rotwelschen: Deutsche Gaunerssprache , Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1956, p. 164, No. 2607 ( Kiewisch )
  5. ↑ Friedrich Christian Avé-Lallemant , Das deutsche Gaunerthum in its social-political, literary and linguistic training to its current status , FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1862, part III, p. 558, vg. P. 388; Part IV, p. 205 Note 1
  6. ↑ Wiener Schachzeitung , 1855, p. 62: "Gawking crowd of 'Kibitzen'"
  7. ↑ Wolf, Rotwelsches Wörterbuch (1956), p. 164, cites kiebitzen (“watching while playing cards”) only for 1956 from his own knowledge of Berlin dialect, but with reference to the Skat game it has been used at least since Eugen Isolani (actually Isaacsohn, * 1860 in Marienburg , † 1932 in Berlin), When kibitzing: Funny scatological considerations , Richard Bertling, Dresden 1888, 61 pp.
  8. ↑ For example, Egon Friedell , Ecce Poeta , S. Fischer, Berlin 1912, p 213: "one has to be quite abandoned by God to kiebitzen hours over a game of pool or Skat"; Kurt Tucholsky , Dichtkunst 1926 , verse 24ff .: “Arminius, the Great Elector and Stein / play a nice beer skat too; / Blücher and Barbarossa with a beard / kiebitzen in a German way "(Kurt Tucholsky, poems , edited by Mary Gerold Tucholsky, 4th edition, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 2001, p. 483)
  9. ↑ Erich Bischoff , dictionary of the most important secret and professional languages, Jewish-German, Rotwelsch, customer language, soldiers, sailors, hackers, miners and Komödiantenssprache , Grieben, Leipzig 1916, p. 44, cf. Lallemant, Das deutsche Gaunerthum (1862), part III, p. 388