Kildin

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Kildin
Kildin on a map from 1790
Kildin on a map from 1790
Waters Barents Sea
Geographical location 69 ° 21 ′  N , 34 ° 11 ′  E Coordinates: 69 ° 21 ′  N , 34 ° 11 ′  E
Kildin (Murmansk Oblast)
Kildin
length 18 km
width 7 km
Highest elevation 279  m
Residents 10 (2010)
main place Sapadny Kildin (Westkildin)
Mogilnoye
Mogilnoye

Kildin ( Russian Кильдин , Kildinsamisch Кӣллтсуэл , Finnish Kiltinä is) an island in the Barents Sea , about 20 km east of the Kola Bay . Administratively it belongs to the rural community Teriberka in the Murmansk Oblast in Russia . The name of the language Kildin Sami goes back to the name of the island.

geography

The island is separated from the Kola Peninsula by the Kildin Strait (Кильдинская салма), which is between 700 m and 4 km wide. Kildin is 18 km long and up to 7 km wide, parallel to the mainland coast. Most of the island is formed by a plateau up to 279 m high, which slopes steeply into the sea in the north and west and flattens out to the east. In the south it turns into a flat plain in several stages.

There are numerous lakes on Kildin, most of which are more than 100 m above sea level on the plateau. The largest are the Melkoje (озеро Мелкое), the Slanzewoje (озеро Сланцевое), the Pridoroschnoje (озеро Придорожное) and the Pesez (озеро Песец). A specialty is the relict lake Mogilnoje (озеро Могильное, German: Gräbersee), which is located in the southeast of the island in the immediate vicinity of the coast, but has had no direct connection to the sea for about 2000 years. Under a surface layer of fresh water there is a salt water layer with a hostile anaerobic soil area. The lake is home to both fresh and salt water fauna. The latter includes the endemic kildin cod ( Gadus morhua kildinensis ), a subspecies of cod .

On the south coast of the island - connected by a road - are the two villages of Vostotschny Kildin (East Kildin) and Sapadny Kildin (West Kildin), which according to the 2010 census only have ten inhabitants - all men. The military settlement Wjerchni Kildin (Oberkildin) has been abandoned since 1995.

history

Kildin in De Groote nieuwe Zee-Atlas by Johannes van Keulen (1654–1715), 1682 (north is below)

Kildin was already inhabited in the Neolithic . Settlement remains and burial mounds were found in several places in the south of the island.

From 1560 onwards, Samen and Pomoren used Kildin as a summer trading center. From June 23 to 29, 1594, Willem Barents made a stopover on Kildin before continuing to Novaya Zemlya . Jan Huygen van Linschoten , who accompanied Barents, published a travelogue with Kildin's first map in 1601. This already shows the two current settlements, which at that time were only inhabited in summer, as well as Lake Mogilnoje and the nearby graves.

The island was part of a Sami Siida ( Russian Погост ), which extended south and west on the mainland. In the 17th century the name of the island was carried over to the entire Pogost and its inhabitants. Originally, only the name of the dialect of this one Siida called Kildinsamisch common today Roof language more closely related dialects.

In the 18th century there was a fishing settlement on Kildin that belonged to the Solovetsky monastery . This was "razed to the ground" by the frigate HMS Nyaden in the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812) on June 6, 1809 . After that, Kildin was initially uninhabited. Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke measured the island in July 1822. In 1840 the natural scientist Alexander Theodor von Middendorff visited the island. In the 1870s, the Norwegian colonist Johan Peter Eriksen (1842–1905) settled on Kildin. Three generations of his family lived on Kildin from fishing and cattle breeding until the 1930s. Kildin was now visited more often by naturalists, u. a. In 1887 by Solomon Markowitsch Herzenstein (1854-1894), in 1889 by Viktor Andrejewitsch Fausek (1861-1910), in 1893 and 1894 by Nikolai Michailowitsch Knipowitsch and during the Helgoland expedition in 1898 by Fritz Römer , Fritz Schaudinn and Leonid Breitfuß .

In the early Soviet period there were efforts to develop Kildin's economy. In addition to fishing , fur farming played a role. At times an iodine factory worked here. The decision to form the Soviet Northern Fleet on June 1, 1933 was a turning point in the history of the island. At the end of 1935, the military use of the island of Kildin began with the construction of a coastal artillery position . In 1939 a machine gun company with 110 men was also stationed here. During the Second World War , the island was fortified and a military airfield and a radar system were put into operation. In the 1950s, the military facilities were expanded, which changed the island's infrastructure permanently. In 1957, anti-aircraft missile systems were installed and modernized several times over the next few decades. In 1995 the military left the island.

Web links

Commons : Kildin  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Friedrich Litke : Four-time voyage through the northern Arctic Ocean on the brig Nowaja Semlja in the years 1821 to 1824 led by the captain-lieutenant Friedrich Litke . (= Heinrich Berghaus (Hrsg.): Cabinet library of the latest travel and research in the field of regional, national and international studies , second volume) Reimer, Berlin 1835, p. 213 f. ( Digitized version of the Bavarian State Library )
  2. ↑ Topographic map of Kildin Island, accessed February 8, 2016.
  3. ↑ a b N. Knipowitsch: About the relict lake "Mogilnoje" on the island of Kildin on the Murman coast. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 3 (5), 1895, pp. 460-473
  4. ↑ a b From the listener's mail. The secret of the Mogilnoye lake. Short answers to short questions ( Memento of February 8, 2016 on the Internet Archive ) , Voice of Russia, October 8, 2007
  5. ↑ Численность населения Мурманской области по полу на 14 октября 2010 года (results of the census of October 14, 2010 for Murmansk Oblast, Russian), accessed November 7, 2012
  6. ↑ Численность населения Мурманской области по полу на 14 октября 2010 года ( Memento of March 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), results of the census of October 14, 2010 for the Russian Oblast Murmansk
  7. ↑ Археология острова Кильдин , (Archeology of the Island of Kildin) at www.kildin.ru (Russian), accessed November 5, 2012
  8. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 1 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 452 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 1 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 62 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  10. ^ Jan Huygen van Linschoten: Reizen naar het noorden (1594–1595) , 1601
  11. ↑ TI Itkonen: Dictionary of Kolta- and Kolalappischen . 2nd, unchanged edition. tape 2 . SUS, 2011, ISBN 978-952-5667-31-8 , pp. 979 ( sgr.fi [PDF]).
  12. ^ Rogier Blokland , Michael Riessler: Saami-Russian-Komi contacts on the Kola Peninsula . In: Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics . tape 38 , 2011, p. 5-26 , 9 , JSTOR : 41261437 (English).
  13. ^ Elisabeth Scheller: The Sámi language situation in Russia . In: Uralica Helsingiensia . tape 5 , 2011, p. 79–96 , 86 (English, handle.net ): “Four dialects of Kildin Sámi are still used: Lujavv'r (Lovozero dialect) is the most spoken dialect, followed by Kīllt (Kildin dialect), Koarrdegk (Voron'e dialect ) and Ārsjogk (Varzina dialect). "
  14. ↑ М. В. Фокин, Н. Н. Шунатова, Н. В. Усов, Е. Н. Буфалова, С. С. Малавенда, Д. В. Редькин, П. П. Стрелков, Е. В. Шошина: Реликтовое озеро могильное - 2003 ( Memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 405 kB), 2004 (The Relict Lake Mogilnoje - 2003)
  15. ↑ Профессор Фаусек , (Professor Fausek) on www.kildin.ru (Russian), accessed on November 6, 2012
  16. ^ F. Römer, F. Schaudinn: Fauna Arctica. A compilation of the arctic animal forms with special consideration of the Svalbard area based on the results of the German expedition to the northern Arctic Ocean in 1898 , Volume 1, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p. 37
  17. ↑ Остров Кильдин: 20-30-ые ​​годы ХХ в. (Kildin: 20s to 30s of the 20th century) at www.kildin.ru (Russian), accessed November 7, 2012
  18. ↑ Остров Кильдин: 1933–1945 (Kildin: 1933–1945) at www.kildin.ru (Russian), accessed on November 6, 2012
  19. ↑ 616 ОБРП , (Coastal Missile Regiment 616) at www.kildin.ru (Russian), accessed on November 7, 2012