Mogilnoye

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Mogilnoye
Lake Mogilnoye.jpg
Geographical location Island Kildin , Murmansk Oblast , Russia
Location close to the shore Vostochny Kildin
Data
Coordinates 69 ° 19 '11 "  N , 34 ° 20' 55"  E Coordinates: 69 ° 19 '11 "  N , 34 ° 20' 55"  E
Mogilnoye (Murmansk Oblast)
Mogilnoye
surface 9.6 ha
length 562 m
width 275 m
volume 714,000 m³
Maximum depth 16.3 m
Middle deep 7.44 m

particularities

Meromictic lake with layers of different salinity.

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Mogilnoje ( Russian Моги́льное ) is a relic lake on the Russian island of Kildin in Murmansk Oblast . The lake consists of stable layers of fresh , brackish and salt water with the associated biocenoses .

description

Mogilnoye is located in the southeast of the island of Kildin and is only separated from the sea by a natural dam 63 to 70 m wide and 3.7 to 5.4 m high. It has an area of ​​9.6 hectares and is up to 16.3 m deep on the side facing the sea. The water column has a stratification according to the salinity and a complex temperature profile. A surface layer about three meters thick has a salinity of up to 3 ‰. Up to a depth of 8 m, the salinity increases to 25 ‰ in a halocline . Below this range, the salinity increases only slowly and reaches over 30 ‰ at the deepest point of the lake. There is a limited exchange of salt water with the sea. An average of 45 m³ of sea water seeps into the lake every day. The inflow of fresh water from groundwater and meltwater as well as from precipitation exceeds this amount by nine times.

The stratification according to the salt content, which has been stable over centuries, has resulted in different communities having developed and maintained in the various areas. While typical freshwater plankton is common in the upper layer up to a depth of 5 m, the marine plankton dominates below. The brood of the endemic kildin cod ( Gadus morhua kildinensis ), on which several thousand adult animals live in the lake, feed on this . At depths below 9 m there is a lack of oxygen , whereas the hydrogen sulfide content increases sharply. Only bacteria live in this anaerobic area . The thickness of the aerobic layer has decreased by 4 m since the beginning of the 20th century.

history

Lake Mogilnoye on a map from 1601

The lake first appeared in 1601 on a map in Jan Huygen van Linschoten's Reizen naar het noorden (1594–1595) . Van Linschoten was a companion of Willem Barents on his first trip to Novaya Zemlya . The name Mogilnoje (German Grabsee ) is said to go back to an episode of the Russo-English War from 1807 to 1812. On June 6, 1809, the British frigate HMS Nyaden attacked the fishing village near the lake, razed it to the ground and plundered church equipment and provisions. Since the attack came as a surprise to the residents, few were able to get to safety in the hills of Kildin.

The scientific exploration of the lake began in 1887 when the Russian zoologist Solomon Markowitsch Herzenstein (1854-1894) toured the Murman coast . Fishermen had given him cod from the lake, which aroused Herzstein's interest, since Mogilnoye seemed to be a freshwater lake. With the dredge , however, he only brought rotting plant material and a few mussel shells, but no living animals, up from the lake floor. In 1889 Viktor Andrejewitsch Fausek (1861-1910) resumed exploration of the lake and found living marine fauna consisting of mussels , amphipods , polystyrene , sea ​​squirts , jellyfish and fish . Until the outbreak of World War I , numerous scientists visited the lake. Nikolai Michailowitsch Knipowitsch carried out more detailed studies in 1893 and 1894 . In 1898, the German zoologists Fritz Römer and Fritz Schaudinn found another sea fish in the lake, the Atlantic butterfish . Konstantin Michailowitsch Derjugin (1878–1938), who had been to Kildin himself in 1921 , summarized the results of this period in an extensive monograph in 1925.

After Mogilnoye had received little attention from scientists for 40 years, which is also due to the fact that Kildin was increasingly used for military purposes since 1935, researchers from the Marine Biological Institute in Murmansk re-studied the ecology of the lake from the mid-1960s, with the Kildin cod The focus of their interest was. After the withdrawal of the military began in 1997 one of Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (Russian. Полярный научно-исследовательский институт морского рыбного хозяйства и океанографии имени Н. М. Книповича , ПИНРО) coordinated comprehensive study of the ecosystem of the Mogilnoye Lake.

Since 1985 the lake has enjoyed state protection as a natural monument of national importance.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i М. В. Фокин, Н. Н. Шунатова, Н. В. Усов, Е. Н. Буфалова, С. С. Малавенда, Д. В. Редькин, П. П. Стрелков, Е. В. Шошина: Реликтовое озеро могильное - 2003 ( Memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 405 kB), 2004 (The Relict Lake Mogilnoje - 2003)
  2. ↑ Знакомство с островом Кильдин on www.kildin.ru (Russian), accessed November 11, 2012
  3. ^ Friedrich Litke : Four trips through the northern Arctic Ocean on the brig Nowaja Zemlya in the years 1821 to 1824 led by the captain-lieutenant Friedrich Litke . (= Heinrich Berghaus (Hrsg.): Cabinet library of the latest journeys and research in the field of regional, national and international studies , second volume) Reimer, Berlin 1835, p. 214 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library )
  4. ↑ a b N. Knipowitsch: About the relict lake "Mogilnoje" on the island of Kildin on the Murman coast. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 3 (5), 1895, pp. 460-473
  5. ↑ F. Römer, F. Schaudinn Fauna Arctica. A compilation of the arctic animal forms with special consideration of the Svalbard area based on the results of the German expedition to the northern Arctic Ocean in 1898 , Volume 1, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p. 37

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