Child lay handwriting

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Child position manuscripts are in manuscripts present diagrams and illustrations of the possible positions of a fetus or more fetuses in the uterus . Their tradition goes back to antiquity , but has only been proven to have been handed down since the Middle Ages .

tradition

The tradition of depicting the child's position goes back to the Greek doctor Soranus of Ephesus , who lived in Rome in the 2nd century AD. In his work on midwifery and the diseases of women ( Gynaikeía ) he describes, among other things, the obstetric procedure in a foot position. Soranus' work was translated into Latin by Muscio in the late 5th or early 6th century and has been called Gynaecia ever since . Because of the compilatory nature of medieval medical manuscripts, it is difficult to unambiguously assign descriptions and illustrations of the child's situation to a single author. Child position images were added to Albucasis ' Chirurgia or Trotula , and more rarely to the Secreta mulierum , which emerged at the end of the 13th century . Abulcasis (Arabic Abu l-Qasim az-Zahrawi ) describes in the 75th chapter of his Chirurgia the natural head position and six other positions and points out that those seven positions can occur in the case of twin or multiple births . For each situation, he describes in great detail how the midwife must proceed in order to give birth to the child alive. In the High Middle Ages, the opinion that the uterus consisted of seven chambers spread until the early modern period.

The three books De curis mulierum , Liber de sinthonatibus mulierum and De ornatu mulierum are grouped under the name Trotula . The name of the compilation suggests that it is a writer named Trota . The section De curis mulierum deals with typical women's diseases as well as menstruation and childbirth . In contrast to Albucasis, Trota describes only two unnatural child positions.

The Secreta mulierum are a work that was initially attributed to Albertus Magnus , but has already been refuted by his first biographer Peter von Prussia. The individual chapters deal with the aspects of conception and pregnancy. As a supplement to some of the manuscripts, images of the child's position were added.

presentation

Illustration from the "Rose Garden" of the Eucharius Rösslin the Elder , 1513

A distinction must be made between purely textual representations of the child's position, in which the positions are described and instructions are given to the midwife on how to turn the child or children, if necessary, and purely pictorial representations in which the uterus is usually stylized and the fetus in its Location and the combination of both. In the purely pictorial representation, labeling was certainly still provided, but was never carried out. In the course of the Middle Ages it emerged that most of the child position images consist of 16 positions, which are mostly dealt with in a similar order. The reason for the similarities is probably the interdependence of the manuscripts, but this has not yet been investigated.

The first illustration shows the natural position in which the fetus is head down and the hands are against the body. The second position usually shows the foot position in which the child lies with the feet down in the uterus. This is followed by the breech position , transverse position and others in different order . The last two pictures usually conclude with twin births, in which in one picture both fetuses lie next to each other in the same way and in the other picture one fetus with the head and the other with the feet at the bottom.

Text sample

Codex germanicus monacensis 597, 5th layer

Si ambas manus foras invenerit quid erit dūobūs
hümeris eiüs manüs süas vnasaz infigens renossum
eüm reüoret sicut süperiüs dixi manibus us positam a-
prehenso capite paülatim & leviter eum addürat

Codex 1192, Leipzig, 1st layer

Early New High German translation

This is the first birth of
the nature dye best before
all is daz ma (n) keyner
ley damage vernyme ader
keyn vß ganck dar
vnde daz the hand is
not raised vnd there bli
be so is gud

This is the first
natural birth ; the best of
all is that you
do
not suffer any harm or no exit.
And if it is so that it
does not raise its hands and stay that
way, it is good.

Manuscripts

The oldest surviving Kindslage manuscript (with illustrations) is kept in Brussels in the Bibliothèque Nationale under the signature Bruxellensis 3714 and dates from the 9th or 10th century.

signature Repository Time of origin Language (incipit) Pictures?
Bruxellensis 3710-15 Brussels 9th / 10th century Latin yes (13)
G KS 1653 4 ° Copenhagen 12th Century Latin Yes
Vaticano-Palatinus latinus 1304, 83ra-84vb Vatican 1230 (approx.) Latin ("Incipit prologus Muscionis") yes (16)
Ms. X. 118 (1412) Stockholm 1230 (approx.) no text Yes
Ashmolean 399, 13c-16b Oxford, Bodleian Library 1292 (approx.) Latin ("Si in pedibus descendit ...") yes (10)
Cod. Lat. 15 Budapest, Eötvös Loránd Tudomány Egyetem Könyvtára (University Library) 13./14. century Latin yes (16)
Parisinus latinus 7056 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale 1300 (shortly after) Latin catalog: "5 ° Summa secundùm Trotulam" yes (16)
Ms. Francais 2030 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale 1314 no text Yes
Latinus monacensis 161 Munich, Bavarian State Library 14th century (early) Latin yes (16)
Thottske Samling 190 Copenhagen 1300 (shortly after) no text yes (8)
Series Nova 2641 Vienna 14th Century Latin No
Ms. Lat. Z. 320 (1937) Venice 14th Century Latin Yes
Bodleianus Laudanius Misc. 724 Oxford, Bodleian Library 1400 (approx.) no text yes (16)
Hafniensis 1657 Copenhagen 1420 (approx.) Middle Dutch No
Ms. 49/3 London, Wellcome Library 15th century (end) Latin Yes
Ms. 1192 Leipzig, university library 1434-1440 Early New High German Yes
Ms. P 34 No. 78 Dresden, SLUB 1440-1460 Latin yes (16)
Sloane 2463, fols. 217r-218v  London, British Library 1450 (approx.) Middle English yes (17)
Sloane 249, fols. 196v-197v London, British Library 15th century (2nd half) Middle English yes (17)
Germanicus Monacensis 597, 260r-261v Munich, Bavarian State Library 1485 (approx.) Latin yes (12)
Montis pessulani 277 Montpellier 14.-15. century Yes
Erlangensis B 33 Erlangen, university library 15th century (late) Early New High German yes (16)
Ms. 129.al5, fols. 28v-31r  London, Royal College of Surgeons 15th century Middle English yes (16)
MS R.14.52 (922), fols. 124v-126r  Cambridge, Trinity College 15th century (2nd half) Middle English No
Parisinus graecus 2153 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale 15th century (late) Latin (catalog: "Galeni [...] ejusdem de morbis mulierum (218)") No
Parisinus latinus 6865 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale 14th Century Latin catalog: "Ejusdem liber de gynæceis, sive de passionibus mulierum." No
Erlangensis B 200 Erlangen, university library 1524 Early New High German
Barberinus I 49 (= 329) Rome 16th Century Greek No
Vossianus gr 8 ° 18 Suffer 16th Century Greek No

Prints

With the invention of the printing press , the tradition of handwritten child situations declined and ended after the 16th century. The first print containing child posture pictures is “Der Swangern frawen und hebamme roszgarte” by Eucharius Rößlin d. Ä. (1513), whose illustrations resemble those of Ms. Lipsiensis 1192.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Mustio (Muscio). In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1018 f.
  2. ^ Gerhard Baader : The midwifery catechism of Muscio - a testimony to early medieval obstetrics. In: Werner Affeldt (Hrsg.): Women in late antiquity and early middle ages. Sigmaringen 1990, pp. 115-125.
  3. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'Secreta mulierum'. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. 2005, p. 1313 f.
  4. ↑ Margaret Schleissner: Pseudo-Albertus Magnus: 'Secreta mulierum'. A late medieval prose treatise on evolution and birth doctrine and the nature of women. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 9, 1991, pp. 115-124.
  5. ↑ MS Spink, GL Lewis (Ed.): Albucasis: On Surgery and Instruments - A definite edition of the arabic text with English translation and commentary. London 1973, p. 468ff.
  6. ^ Fridolf Kudlien : The seven cells of the uterus: the doctrine and its roots. In: Bulletin of the History of Medicine 39, 1965, pp. 415-423.
  7. ↑ Monica H. Green (Ed.): The Trotula: A Medieval Compendium of Women's Medicine . Philadelphia 2001, p. Xii
  8. ↑ Monica H. Green (Ed.): The Trotula: A Medieval Compendium of Women's Medicine . Philadelphia 2001, p. Xii.
  9. ↑ Monica H. Green (Ed.): The Trotula: A Medieval Compendium of Women's Medicine . Philadelphia 2001, p. 101.
  10. ↑ Margaret Schleissner: Pseudo-Albertus Magnus: 'Secreta mulierum cum commento, German'. Critical text and commentary , phil. Diss. Princeton 1987
  11. ^ Roger Calcoen: Inventaire des manuscrits scientifiques de la Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique vol. 1 . Bruxelles 1965, pp. 73-75, pl. 11-16.
  12. ↑ a b c K. Sudhoff: Three as yet unpublished child positions from Oxford and London , in: Archive for the history of medicine, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (1910), p. 111
  13. ^ A b c Karl Sudhoff: Kindslagen in miniatures, cuts and engravings from the 12th to the 18th century , in: Tradition und Naturbeobachtung , 1907.
  14. ^ Karl Sudhoff: Kindslagen in miniatures, cuts and engravings from the 12th to the 18th century , in: Tradition und Naturbeobachtung , 1907. as well as Ludwig Schuba: The medical manuscripts of the Codices Palatini Latini in the Vatican Library . Wiesbaden 1981, pp. 393-396.
  15. ^ The medical manuscripts of the Codices Palatini Latini in the Vatican Library . P. 396.
  16. ↑ Otto Pächt and JJG Alexander: Illuminated Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library Oxford . Oxford 1973
  17. ^ Henry Black: Descriptive, analytical and critical Catalog of the Manuscripts bequeathed unto the University of Oxford by Elias Ashmole, Esqu., MD, FRS, Windsor Herald, also of some additional Mss. Contributed by Kingsley, Lhuyd, Borlase, and others . Oxford 1845, col. 313
  18. ↑ K. Sudhoff: Three as yet unpublished child positions from Oxford and London , in: Archive for the History of Medicine Vol. 4, Issue 2 (1910), p. 112
  19. ^ Bibliothèque nationale (France). Département des manuscrits: Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae regiae. Paris 1739-1744. Pp. 308-309.
  20. ↑ Sudhoff: Three as yet unpublished child situation pictures from Oxford and London , in: Archive for the history of medicine 4 (1911).
  21. ↑ LC MacKinney: Medical Illustrations in Medieval Manuscripts . Berkeley 1965.
  22. ^ Henry O. Coxe: Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae pars secunda codices Latinos et Miscellaneos Laudianos complectens . Oxford 1885. as well as Otto Pächt and JJG Alexander
  23. ↑ K. Sudhoff: Three as yet unpublished child positions from Oxford and London , in: Archive for the History of Medicine Vol. 4, Issue 2 (1910), p. 112
  24. ↑ Fran Josef Pensel: Directory of German medieval manuscripts at the Leipzig University Library . Printed by Irene Stahl. Berlin 1998.
  25. ^ Karl Sudhoff: Die Leipziger Kindslagenbilder with German texts , in: Sudhoffs Archiv Vol. 2 (1909), pp. 442-425.
  26. ↑ Sudhoff: Three as yet unpublished child situation pictures from Oxford and London , in: Archive for the history of medicine Vol. 4, Issue 2 (1910), p. 111.
  27. ^ Karin Schneider: The German manuscripts of the Bavarian State Library in Munich. Wiesbaden 1978.
  28. ↑ LC MacKinney: Medical Illustrations in Medieval Manuscripts. Berkeley 1965.
  29. ^ Otto Pultz: The German manuscripts of the University Library Erlangen. Newly described. Edited by Armin Dietzel u. Günther Bauer . Wiesbaden 1973, p. 45
  30. ↑ K. Sudhoff: Three as yet unpublished child situations from Oxford and London , in: Archive for the history of medicine, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (1910), p. 111
  31. ↑ Monica H. Green: Obstetrical and Gynecological Texts in Middle English , in: Studies in the Age of Chaucer 14 (1992), p. 82
  32. ↑ Monica H. Green: Obstetrical and Gynecological Texts in Middle English , in: Studies in the Age of Chaucer 14 (1992), p. 81
  33. ↑ Karl Sudhoff: Further series of child situation pictures and their origin from the manuscripts of Soranos of Ephesus , in: Studies for the history of medicine 4 (1908), p. 84. and Henri Omont (1857-1940): Inventaire sommaire des manuscrits grecs de la Bibliothèque Nationale . Paris 1886–1898, p. 205
  34. ↑ Catalogi Bibliothecae Regiae pars tertia, complectens codices Manuscriptos Latinos . Paris 1744, pp. 286-287
  35. ^ Otto Pultz: The German manuscripts of the University Library Erlangen. Newly described. Edited by Armin Dietzel and Günther Bauer. Wiesbaden 1973. p. 130
  36. ↑ Owsei Temkin : Soranus' Gynecology. Baltimore and London 1991, pp. Xlviii.
  37. ↑ Owsei Temkin: Soranus' Gynecology. Baltimore and London 1991, pp. Xlviii.

literature

  • Catalog of the manuscripts of the Saxon State Library in Dresden . Dresden 1979–1986.
  • Catalogus librorum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Sloaniae, Mss. 1-1091 . British Museum. Department of Manuscripts. London 18--.
  • Catalogi Bibliothecæ regiæ pars tertia, complectens Codices Manuscriptos Latinos . Paris 1744.
  • Camille Gaspar and Frédéric Lyna : Les Principaux Manuscrits a Peintures de la Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique . Bruxelles.
  • Monica H. Green: Obstetrical and Gynecological Texts in Middle English , in: Studies in the Age of Chaucer 14 (1992)
  • Monica H. Green (Ed.): The Trotula: A Medieval Compendium of Women's Medicine . Philadelphia 2001
  • Monica H. Green: “The Sources of Eucharius Rösslin's Rosegarden for Pregnant Women and Midwives (1513),” Medical History 53, no. 2 (Spring 2009), 167-92, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ tocrender.fcgi? iid = 178168
  • Monica H. Green, “Moving from Philology to Social History: The Circulation and Uses of Albucasis's Latin Surgery in the Middle Ages,” in Between Text and Patient: The Medical Enterprise in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ed. Florence Eliza Glaze and Brian Nance, Micrologus' Library, 30 (Florence: SISMEL / Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2011), pp. 331-72.
  • LC MacKinney: Medical Illustrations in Medieval Manuscripts . Berkeley 1965.
  • Franzjosef Pensel: Directory of the German medieval manuscripts of the Leipzig University Library . Printed by Irene Stahl. Berlin 1998.
  • Henri Omont (1857–1940): Inventaire sommaire des manuscrits grecs de la Bibliothèque Nationale . Paris 1886–1898
  • Karin Schneider : The German manuscripts of the Bavarian State Library in Munich . Munich 1973.
  • Ludwig Schuba: The medical manuscripts of the Codices Palatini Latini in the Vatican Library . Wiesbaden 1981
  • Edward John Long Scott: Index to the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum . London 1904.
  • The German manuscripts of the Erlangen University Library . Newly described by Otto Pältz, edited by Armin Dietzel and Günther Bauer. Wiesbaden 1973.
  • MS Spink, GL Lewis (Ed.): Albucasis: On Surgery and Instruments - A definite edition of the arabic text with English translation and commentary . London 1973.
  • Karl Sudhoff : Three as yet unpublished child situation pictures from Oxford and London , in: Archives for the history of medicine 4 (1911).
  • Owsei Temkin : Soranus' Gynecology . Baltimore and London 1991.