Abulcasis

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Contemporary representation

Abū l-Qāsim Chalaf ibn ʿAbbās az-Zahrāwī ( Arabic أبو القاسم خلف بن عباس الزهراوي, DMG Abū l-Qāsim Ḫalaf ibn ʿAbbās az-Zahrāwī ; born 936 in Madīnat az-zahrāʾ ; died 1013 ibid), also known in the West as Abulcasis and Abulkasim (and Albucasis ), was an Andalusian doctor and scientist of Arab origin. He was probably the most important Arabic-speaking doctor of the Middle Ages, whose extensive medical writings, which combine Arabic and classical Greco-Roman teachings, shaped European medicine up to the Renaissance. His most important work is at-Tasrif ("the ordinance"), a 30-volume collection of medical knowledge.

Life

Abu l-Qasim (translated "father of Qasim") was born in Madīnat az-zahrāʾ, about eight kilometers west of Córdoba , Spain . He came from the Arab Ansar tribe, who had settled in Spain some time before. Apart from his work, little is known about his life, since Madīnat az-zahrāʾ was destroyed during a civil war in 1010.

His father can be found in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993-1064), who names him in a list of the greatest Moorish doctors in Spain. The first detailed biography of Abu l-Qasim can be found in al-Humaydis Jadhwat al-Muqtabis ("On Andalusian Pagans"), which was written sixty years after Abu l-Qasim's death.

He lived in Madīnat az-zahrāʾ for most of his life. There he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death around 1013, two years after taking Madīnat az-zahrāʾ.

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Abulcasis surgical instruments in a Latin edition of At-Tasrif by Guy de Chauliac, 1500

Abu l-Qasim was a court doctor of the caliphs Abd ar-Rahman III in Cordoba . and al-Hakam II. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. At-Tasrif is a medical encyclopedia in 30 volumes with chapters on surgery, medicine, ophthalmology, orthopedics, pharmacology, nutrition and others.

In the 14th century the French physician quoted Guy de Chauliac the at-Tasrif over 200 times. Pietro Argallata described Abu l-Qasim as "without a doubt the master of all surgeons". He is credited with the first description of ectopic pregnancy in 963 , a fatal disease at the time. Abu l-Qasim's influence lasted for about five centuries and extended into the Renaissance , as evidenced by the frequent mentions of at-Tasrif by the French surgeon Jacques Daléchamps .

At-Tasrif

Abu l-Qasim's 30-volume medical paper كتاب التصريف / Kitāb at-Taṣrīf covers a range of medical topics, including a. Dentistry and Obstetrics . His knowledge about this came partly from the encyclopedia of the Byzantine doctor Paulos of Aegina and other ancient sources and was also the result of his 50-year career as a teacher, trainer and practicing doctor. He also wrote about the importance of a positive patient-doctor relationship and wrote lovingly about his students, whom he describes as "my children". He also stressed the importance of treating all patients regardless of their social background. He calls for careful observation of individual cases to ensure the best possible diagnosis and treatment.

At-Tasrif was translated into Latin and illustrated by Gerhard von Cremona in the 12th century . For about five centuries it was the main source of medieval medical knowledge in Europe and served as a source for doctors and surgeons. It was printed in Augsburg in 1519 as “Liber theoricae necnon practicae Alsaharavii”. The earliest German-speaking reception can be found in Wolfram von Eschenbach's “Parzival”.

Although it is not always correctly attributed to him, Abu al-Qasims at-Tasrif describes what later became known as the " Kocher method" for treating a dislocated shoulder and the "Walcher position" in obstetrics . At-Tasrif describes the ligation of blood vessels even before Ambroise Paré and was the first book that has been handed down to document various dental appliances and explain the hereditary nature of hemophilia .

Advances in Surgery

Abu l-Qasim was a surgeon who specialized in cautery . He also invented some surgical instruments in order to

  • examine the inside of the urethra ,
  • Bring foreign bodies into the esophagus and remove them,
  • examine the ear .

Editions of works and literature

  • Luisa Arvide Cambra:
    • Un dichotomous de polvos medicinales en Al-Zahrawi. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Almería, Almería 1994, ISBN 84-8240-002-9 .
    • Tratado de pastillas medicinales según Abulcasis. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Almería, Almería 1996, ISBN 84-605-5485-6 .
    • A traversal of the ophthalmology in abulcasis. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Almería, Almería 2000, ISBN 84-8240-241-2 .
    • A tragedy of odontoestomatología en abulcasis. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Almería, Almería 2003, ISBN 84-8240-636-1 .
    • A tradtion de estética y cosmética en abulcasis. Grupo Editorial Universitario, Granada 2010, ISBN 978-84-9915-342-1 .
  • Chirurgia: complete facsimile edition in original format from Codex series nova 2641 d. Austrian National Library. ISBN 3-201-01116-9 .
  • Usamah Demeisi: On the history of the research into the life and work of Abu l-Qāsim az-Zahrāwī (around 936 - around 1013) with special emphasis on dentistry. Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-933346-74-6 .
  • Marianne Engeser: The "Liber servitoris" of Abulkasis (936 - 1013). Transl., Comment and Reprint d. Text version from 1471. Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-7692-0967-2 (Latin and German).
  • Sami Khalaf Hamarneh, Glenn Sonnedecker: A pharmaceutical view of Abulcasis al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain: with special reference to the "Adhān". Leiden 1963.
  • John Channing (Ed.): Abulcasis De chirurgia: Arabice et latine. ( Cura Johannis Channing natu et civitate Londinensis ). 2 volumes, Oxford 1778 ( digitized version ).
  • Lucien Leclerc . Aboul Kasim Al Zahravi / Albucasis / Abulcasis. - La chirurgie d'Abulcasis ...  ; trad. [de l'arabe] par le Dr. Lucien Leclerc. J.-B. Baillière, Paris 1861 digitized
  • Lutfi Rida: Abulkasim trauma surgery. Düsseldorf 1967.
  • Heinrich Schipperges †: Abū 'l-Qāsim Ḫalāf ibn al-ʿAbbās az-Zaḥrāwī (Abulcasis). In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1207.
  • Heinz Schott : Milestones in Medicine. Dortmund 1996, ISBN 3-611-00536-3 .

Web links

Full text of the At-Tasrif in Arabic and English
  • Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās al-Zahrāwī: Albucasis on surgery and instruments . University of California Press, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern Studies, 1973, ISBN 978-0-520-01532-6 ( online at Google Books [accessed December 29, 2015]).
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Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Schipperges: Abū 'l-Qāsim Ḫalāf ibn al-ʿAbbās az-Zaḥrāwī (Abulcasis). 2005, p. 1207.
  2. ^ Heinrich Schipperges: Abū 'l-Qāsim Ḫalāf ibn al-ʿAbbās az-Zaḥrāwī (Abulcasis). 2005, p. 1207.
  3. ^ Heinrich Schipperges : Abulkasis , in: Wolfgang U. Eckart and Christoph Gradmann (eds.): Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the 20th century , 1st edition CH Beck Munich 1995, 2nd edition Springer Heidelberg, Berlin et.al 2001, 3rd edition Springer Heidelberg, Berlin et.al. 2006, pp. 1 + 2, print and online version ( ISBN 978-3-540-29584-6 or ISBN 978-3-540-29585-3 ).
  4. ↑ Bernhard Dietrich Haage: Studies on medicine in the "Parzival" Wolframs von Eschenbach (= Göppinger works on German studies, 565). Kümmerle, Göppingen 1992, ISBN 3-87452-806-5 , pp. 183-190 ( The Abulkasim reception at Wolfram von Eschenbach )
  5. ^ Bernhard D. Haage: Surgery after Abū l-Qāsim in the 'Parzival' Wolframs von Eschenbach. In: Clio Medica. Volume 19, 1984, pp. 193-205.
  6. ↑ Martin S. Spink, Geoffrey L. Lewis: Abulcasis, On surgery and instruments. London 1973.
personal data
SURNAME Abulcasis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abulcasis; Abulkasis; Zahrawi, Abu l-Qasim Chalaf ibn Abbas az
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Muslim doctor and surgeon
DATE OF BIRTH 936
PLACE OF BIRTH Madīnat az-zahrāʾ , al-Andalus
DATE OF DEATH 1013
Place of death Madīnat az-zahrāʾ