Ambroise Paré

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Ambroise Paré, 1561

Ambroise Paré (* around 1510 in Bourg en Hersent (today part of Laval (Mayenne) ), † December 20, 1590 in Paris ), Latinized Ambrosius Paraeus , was a French surgeon . He was regarded as the most important French military surgeon until the 19th century and to this day as a pioneer of modern surgery and the founder of facial prosthetics . Paré was the surgeon of the French kings Heinrich II , Franz II. , Karl IX. and Heinrich III.

Life

After training as a "barber surgeries" (French term, the German historical profession of barber ) at a barber, he moved to Paris in 1529 and practiced there in the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris (1533-1536). He then worked as a military surgeon on the battlefields of Italy. 1537-1538 he was surgeon of Monsieur de Montejan and followed this to Turin. After his death Paré went back to Paris, where he obtained the title of maître barbier chirurgien between 1540 and 1541 . He married in 1541.

From 1542 Paré was again on the battlefields of France and Europe. For several years he accompanied Monsieur de Rohan, from 1552 Antoine de Bourbon (Duke of Vendôme), and in 1553 Paré was even briefly imprisoned during the siege of Hesdin , from which he was soon able to return to Paris.

His patients included simple soldiers and generals as well as kings: in 1552 he became Chirurgien du Roi of the French King Henry II. On December 17, 1554 - despite his non-academic training - he was even admitted to the Collège de at the instigation of the King as maître en chirurgie Saint Côme , the surgical college of the Paris Medical School. In August 1557 he looked after the wounded at the Battle of Saint-Quentin . On January 1, 1562 Paré became King Charles IX's first surgeon . In the same year he accompanied a campaign by the royal army during the Huguenot Wars, further campaigns followed in 1567 and 1570.

After 32 years of marriage, Paré's wife died in 1573, leaving behind a 13-year-old daughter. Paré remarried in 1574; with his second wife he had two other surviving daughters. Six other children of Paré died shortly after birth or in childhood.

plant

In Paré's time, surgeons were considered to be barbers and bathers rather than doctors. During his purely practical training in this craft, Paré never learned Latin and later published all of his works, initially in French, often in a more popular style. The French medical jargon owes him many terms.

In the many battles and sieges that Paré experienced, he was confronted with injuries from the new types of firearms, which also made many amputations necessary. The conventional therapy of cauterizing such poisoned wounds with gluten or by pouring boiling oil on them was life-threatening for the patients. Paré initially replaced the hot oil with a more easily digestible mixture of egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine. During the treatment of a gunshot wound by the Maréchal de Brissac, Paré came up with the idea in 1542 to put the injured person back into the posture he was in at the moment of the shot in order to be able to remove the bullet better. During the siege of Damvillers in 1552, he introduced arterial ligature for amputations - thus replacing the dangerous cauterization with a relatively simple but more effective wound dressing. Parés services in the development of prosthesesoffered his patients previously unimagined possibilities of rehabilitation: in collaboration with a skilled blacksmith or a Parisian locksmith known as “the little Lothringer”, he developed metal limbs (such as a movable “iron hand” made in the manner of a knight's glove ), an armor against back damage and artificial ones Teeth. At other points Paré remained a traditionalist. So he adhered to the principle of the " praiseworthy pus " (" pus bonum et laudabile "), which has been propagated for wound care since ancient times .

Posthumous portrait of Parés by William Holl (1807–1871)

Paré also made significant contributions to the development of obstetrics . He revived the turn of the fetus in breech and showed how this can often save fetuses instead of dismembering them and removing them piece by piece. His assistant and son-in-law Jacques Guillemeau (1550–1613), who also translated and published Paré's works into Latin , later wrote a treatise himself on obstetrics.

In 1545 Paré published the first edition of the Méthode de traicter les playes faictes par hacquebutes , a treatise on the treatment of wounds from firearms and gunpowder, which is considered a milestone in the history of surgery. In 1561 his large anatomy universelle du corps humain ( universal anatomy of the human body ) appeared as an expanded edition of an anatomical work from 1550 . He also published other learned treatises on wound treatment and individual diseases, such as the plague . His treatise Animaux, monstres et prodiges on animals, monsters and freaks gives revealing insights into the understanding of nature of his time .

In his account of caring for the wounded at the Battle of Saint-Quentin, Paré describes his observations of maggots inside the wounds of his patients, some of whom recovered surprisingly quickly. Although he did not attribute the latter to the animals, which he also did not interpret as fly larvae, but - according to the state of the art at the time - as generatio spontanea , he is now considered one of the founders of maggot therapy .

The first edition of his collected works from 1575 was followed by numerous reprints during his lifetime and also after his death. Editions of his works have also been published in Latin, German, English and Dutch.

In his work Opera chirurgica , published posthumously in 1594 , Paré also described a method he had newly developed for the preservation of corpses and complained that despite the long-term unsuccessfulness of the preservation methods used at the time, the French and Spanish kings and the popes in particular clung to them. Paré's own procedure, after removing the viscera and making deep cuts in the muscles, consisted of placing the body in a wooden tub for three weeks with a solution made from hot vinegar, aloe, wormwood, Colocints and alcohol. The process was completed by drying the corpse treated in this way in an airy place. Paré is said to have kept a corpse prepared in this way in his house for 25 years. The corpse conservation method Parés was used at the Spanish and French royal courts until the 18th century, and the body of the murdered King Henry IV († 1610) was still in such a good state of preservation when the royal tombs of Saint-Denis were sacked in 1793 that it was together with some other mummified corpses in front of the church was displayed to passers-by.

Honors

Publications

(Selection)

Books by Ambroise Paré

  • La méthode de traicter les playes faictes par hacquebutes et aultres bastons à feu et de celles qui sont faictes par flèches, dardz et semblables, aussy des combustions spécialement faictes par la pouldre à canon . Vivant Gaulterot, Paris 1545 (digitized version )
  • Briefve collection de l'administration anatomique, avec la manière de cojoindre les os, et d'extraire les enfants tât mors que vivans du ventre de la mère, lorsque la nature de soi ne peult venir a son effect . Guillaume Cavellat, Paris 1549 (digitized version )
  • La Manière de traicter les playes faictes tant par hacquebutes que par flèches et les accidentz d'icelles, comme fractures et carie des os, gangrène et mortification avec les pourtraictz des instrumentz nécessaires pour leur curation et la méthode de curer les combustions principalement faictes par la pouldre à canon . Veuve Jean de Brie, Paris 1551 (digitized)
  • La méthode curative des playes et fractures de la test humaine, avec les pourtraicts des instruments nécessaires pour la curation d'icelle Jean le Royer, Paris 1561 (digital copy )
  • Anatomy universelle du corps humain . (In collaboration with I. Rostaing du Bignosc, extended 2nd edition of the Briefve collection ... ) Jean Le Royer, Paris 1561 (digital copy )
  • Dix livres de la chirurgie, avec le magasin des instruments nécessaires à icelle . Jean Le Royer, Paris 1564
  • Traicté de la peste, de la petite verolle et rougeole avec une bresve description de la lèpre . André Wechsel, Paris 1568 (digitized version) (2nd edition Gabriel Buon, Paris 1580)
  • Cinq livres de chirurgie. 1. The bandage - 2. The fracture - 3. The luxations avec une apologie touchant les harquebousades - 4. The morsures et piqueures venimeuses - 5. The gouttes . André Wechel, Paris 1572
  • Deux livres de surgery. 1. De la génération de l'homme, et manière d'extraire les enfans hors du ventre de la mère, ensemble ce qu'il faut faire pour la faire mieux, et plus tost accoucher, avec la cure de plusieurs maladies qui luy peuvent survenir. - 2. Des monstres tant terrestres que marins avec leurs portraits plus un petit traité des plaies faictes aux parties nerveuses . André Wechel, Paris 1573
  • Oeuvres ... avec les figures et portraicts tant de l'anatomie que des instruments de chirurgie et de plusieurs monstres . 26 volumes. Gabriel Buon, Paris 1575
    • 2nd edition in 27 volumes. Gabriel Buon, Paris 1579
    • 3rd edition in 28 volumes. Gabriel Buon, Paris 1585
    • Latin edition, J. Dupuys, Paris 1582 (digitized version )
    • Wundt-Artzney or Artzney-Spiegell of the highly experienced and well-known Mr. Ambrosii Parei ... Fischer, Franckfurt am Mayn 1601 (digital copy)
  • Discours d'Ambroise Paré. Avec une table des plus notables matières contenues esdits discours: De la mumie; De la licorne; Des venins; De la peste . Gabriel Buon, Paris 1582
  • Le siège de Metz en 1552 . Edited by LE Dussieux. V. Lecoffre, Paris 1885
  • Voyages d'Ambroise Paré racontés par lui-même . Recorded by Bernard Palissy. C. Delagrave, Paris 1890

expenditure

literature

  • Ambroise Paré. Le premier surgeries des temps modern . (= Les cahiers de science et vie ; issue 19). Excelsior, Paris 1993, ISSN  1157-4887
  • Guido Dieckmann : The bath of St. Denis . Rütten and Loening, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-352-00705-5 (biographical novel)
  • Christoph Dröge:  Paré, Ambroise. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 6, Bautz, Herzberg 1993, ISBN 3-88309-044-1 , Sp. 1530-1531.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Gérard Hubert-Richou: Le chirurgien du roi. Ambroise Paré . Pygmalion, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-85704-824-6 (biographical novel)
  • Joseph-François Malgaigne. Histoire de la chirurgie en occident depuis le VIe jusqu'au XVIe siecle, et, Histoire de la vie et des travaux d'Ambrosie Paré. Baillière, Paris 1840 (digitized) .
  • Alfred Renk: Ambroise Paré. Founder of facial prosthetics. In: Advances in Medicine. Volume 112, 1994, No. 29, pp. 415-418.
  • Éric Sartori: Histoire des grands scientifiques français. D'Ambroise Paré à Pierre et Marie Curie . Plon, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-259-19071-5
  • Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Paré, Ambroise. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1107 f.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ambroise Paré: Justification and report on my trips to different places. Translated from the French. u. a. v. Erwin H. Acherknecht. Publisher Hans Huber, Bern u. Stuttgart 1963, p. 38.
  2. ^ Wolfgang U. Eckart : Ambroise Paré , in: Wolfgang U. Eckart and Christoph Gradmann : Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the present , Springer, Heidelberg / Berlin 1995; 3rd, completely revised edition, ibid 2006
  3. ^ JA Massard: Damvillers, Mansfeld and son: Ambroise Paré, the father of surgery, and Luxemburg. In: Lëtzebuerger Journal 2007, No. 74 (April 17), pp. 11–12.
  4. ^ Ferdinand Sauerbruch , Hans Rudolf Berndorff : That was my life. Kindler & Schiermeyer, Bad Wörishofen 1951; cited: Licensed edition for Bertelsmann Lesering, Gütersloh 1956, p. 185.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of Medicine. Springer textbook Berlin, Heidelberg, 1st edition 1990, p. 120; History, theory and ethics of medicine. 7th edition. Springer Textbook, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013, p. 86. Textbook ISBN 978-3-642-34971-3 , Textbook Online ISBN 978-3-642-34972-0 . History, theory and ethics of medicine 2013
  6. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Guillemeau, Jacques. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 517.
  7. ^ W. Fleischmann, M. Grassberger: Successful wound healing through maggot therapy , TRIAS Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8304-3011-6 , pp. 21-22
  8. ↑ Magdalena Hawlik-van de Water: The beautiful death. Ceremonial structures of the Viennese court at death and burial between 1640 and 1740 , Freiburg / Wien 1989, pp. 203–211 (on "The methods of embalming from ancient times to modern times").
  9. ↑ Magdalena Hawlik-van de Water: The methods of embalming from ancient times to modern times. In: Die Kapuzinergruft - Journal of the Society for the Rescue of the Capuchin Crypt (1/1988), p. 2.
  10. ↑ Guillemeau (1550–1613) from Orléans was a surgeon and obstetrician and the son-in-law of Ambroise Paré. See Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Guillemeau, Jacques. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 517.

Web links

Commons : Ambroise Paré  - collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Paré, Ambroise
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pareus, Ambrosius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French surgeon
DATE OF BIRTH around 1510
PLACE OF BIRTH Bourg en Hersent near Laval
DATE OF DEATH December 20, 1590
Place of death Paris