Small hall
| Small hall | ||
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| Data | ||
| location | between Bad Kösen and Naumburg (Saale) , Saxony-Anhalt | |
| River system | Saale | |
| source | at Bad Kösen 51 ° 8 ′ 8 ″ N , 11 ° 43 ′ 17 ″ E |
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| muzzle | at Almrich coordinates: 51 ° 9 '24 " N , 11 ° 46' 37" E 51 ° 9 '24 " N , 11 ° 46' 37" E
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| length | 5.3 km | |
The Kleine Saale is a canal branched off from the Saale to supply the Cistercian abbey Pforta near Naumburg (Saale) . The history of its origins is unclear and is being studied by historians such as Holger Kunde. Previous considerations by W. Corssen (1868) or R. Pahncke (1956) merely cut the history of the small Saale in their literature and partly contradict each other in terms of content.
course
The Kleine Saale branches off from the Saale in Bad Kösen to the north and runs between the Saalebahn and the federal road 87 to Schulpforte . After crossing the grounds of the Cistercian monastery and flowing through the mill pond, it continues, now south of the B87, to Almrich . There it again crosses under the B87 and Saalebahn to the north and flows back into the Saale.
history
The origin of the small hall is very incomplete in the existing literature. In the following, therefore, the presentation by W. Corssen is compared with the presentation by R. Pahncke. Although it should turn out that W. Corssen made serious mistakes in his historical work, it should nonetheless be noted that these mistakes were by no means due to a lack of scientific qualification, but rather due to the much less availability of reliable and correct ones in the 19th century Swell.
After Corssen
Corssen writes in his historical treatise: "Alterthuemer und Kunstdenkmale des Cistercienserkloster St. Marien and the Landesschule zur Pforte" to the small hall:
“As far as we know, the first culture penetrated this remote corner of the forest when, in 1103, the Benedictine monks of St. Georg zu Naumburg, with the permission of Bishop Walram von Naumburg, built a mill ditch just above the Kösener Wehr [... ], led the same north around the ridge of the Windlücke and from there along the wolf's sling to below Almrich, where it flowed back into the Saale to set up a mill at this point. "
Corssen bases his assertion on document No. 38 from Lepsius, Geschichte des Bishop p. 235, in which it says:
"Ad eorundem fratrum subsidium per terras ecclesie nostre aquaeductum fieri concessimus, ut in eo videlicet molendinum statuant."
"The brothers in our church are granted land so that they can run mills through a canal."
According to Corssen, the translation of "aquaeductum fieri" only allows the interpretation that this must be an artificially created canal. In the absence of evidence for the existence of other channels, Corssen concludes that this can only be the small hall. Pahncke countered this attitude in 1995:
“If someone objects, from the knowledge of the special literature, that the small hall is a work of the monks of St. Georgen in Naumburg, then the reply is that this repeated assertion has now been proven to be definitively incorrect. It must then also be proven that the monks of St. Georgen built the Kösener weir long before the gray brothers appeared in the Saale valley. We now know that the Naumburg cathedral monastery and the St. Marien monastery in Almrich had a joint that had now disappeared and that the Mühlgraben of St. Georgen branched off from this weir. "
Since then there is no known evidence that the monks from St. Georgen built a canal that would affect the size of the Kleiner Saale, let alone its exact position. As Pahncke correctly explains, it would also be a technical impossibility to manage a canal of this size without building a damming, i.e. a weir, at Kösen. As Pahncke describes in his remarks, this weir was not approved until 1180. The historical presentation by Corssen at this point is thus indicated as dubious.
According to Pahncke
In his historical work, Pahncke tries very hard not only to present the current state of knowledge of research, but also to address existing literature in particular and to clear up various misunderstandings. We owe him the correct classification of the historical view of Corssen. However, in his historical account of the small halls, he gets caught up in partially contradicting statements that are to be shown here.
“In 1180, a contract between the monastery and a knight Kunemund von Vargula is concluded under the patronage of Landgrave Ludwig III of Thuringia. [...] If the monks want to dam the hall, they have to come to an understanding with the landowner opposite, whose lands are in the valley. This happens through the aforementioned contract. "
However, this contract is not intended to serve as a basis for assuming that the construction of the small hall could only begin with the conclusion of the contract. The treaty of 1180 states:
"About the fortification of their mill weir from the bank that is in their possession to the opposite bank that meets his lands."
As a result, the weir already existed in 1180 and was also useful for operating a mill. Since there are no documents today that confirm the construction of the weir at Kösen by the Cistercians, Pahncke tries to get closer. He states that the abbot Adelodus, who " bought power and violence from Mr. Kunemundo, that he may build a weir " was in office from 1168 to 1186, so the weir must have been built between 1168 and 1180 . This approximation is supported by the first documentary mention of the weir from the year 1172. This document speaks of the " firmare " of the weir. According to Pahncke, this word provides information that this must have been a final step:
“[...] then firmare here means something like fortification of the weir under construction with a solid, massive stone packing; In terms of time, that would be nothing more than the last phase of construction, and the translation with "mend" or "exaggerate" would have to be rejected just as the one attempted with "build". "
From today's perspective, this historical representation still seems to make sense and is the cornerstone of today's approach. The only thing that seems confusing in this context is that Pahncke only makes the claim a few pages later:
"The small hall was built soon after 1138."
The statement could be excused with the fact that this is a fatal typing error, because the previously agreed consensus assumes the construction of the small hall around 1168. It is conceivable that Pahncke made a typo here, since this new dating is not discussed further. But it is also possible that he dates the construction of the riverbed of the small Saale to 1138, and the construction of the dike did not begin until 1168. However, since there is no reliable evidence for this, the year 1138 is of no great importance.
According to customer
In 2003, Holger Kunde published a historical treatise on the forgery of documents from the Cistercian monastery in Pforta. From it it emerges that a large part of the documents, in particular regarding the establishment of the Cistercian Abbey of Pforta, are forgeries. However, the customer is of the opinion that the contract with Valgura that was created in 1180 is not a forgery and can therefore serve as the source of his work. However, Kunde discovers a forgery of the contract dated May 5, 1172, which Pancke used to date the construction of the small hall:
"From a palaeographic point of view and through the use of an anachronistic seal, the document dated May 5, 1172 is clearly convicted as a forgery from the middle or second half of the 13th century."
In his considerations, the customer therefore assumes that the Pfortenser monks did not already build a dike in 1180, as Pahncke claims, but with the contract of Vargula created the prerequisites for such a major structural project. With the exception of the dating, however, Kunde agrees with Pahncke regarding the construction of the small hall. Accordingly, it can be established that the small hall is the work of the Cistercian monks and was built from 1880 onwards. Finally, an article by Selmar Lüttich from the year 1895 should be mentioned, who can locate the positions of 3 Pfortenser mills along the small Saale and also receives approval from customers.
use
When choosing a settlement area for the purpose of building a monastery, seclusion played a very important role for the Cistercians of the Middle Ages.
“The monastery buildings were often built in valleys, away from settlements, but also in busy traffic routes. In doing so, one usually went up the course of a stream or river as far as possible in order to have water and a level area for the monastery and its business operations. "
This tendency indicated by Eberl can also be traced in the Pforta monastery, whereby it is striking that the monastery itself is not located directly on the course of the river Saale. The church itself is located half a kilometer from the Saale. The reason for this is that the Saale valley near Pforta was largely covered by swamps and the Saale was regularly exposed to flooding. The Portese monks only cultivated the land in the course of time. The Saale dam can be dated to 1302. It can be assumed that the fish-rich Saale served the Cistercians as a source of food. However, it is unclear whether the fish house, which can be found recently in the monastery, was built by the monks or was already there as a Sorbian fishing and ferry station. It is clearly documented for the first time in 1270. However, it is not unlikely that it has been operated by the Cistercians since 1138.
In order to supply the arable land approx. 0.5 km south of the Saale with water and to enable a direct inflow and outflow, a canal was the most practicable solution. However, the main purpose of the small hall, as can be read, for example, from the Treaty of Vargula, was the construction of mills along the small hall. According to Pahncke (1995) there were no fewer than eight mills in the Saale Valley that were operated by the Cistercians. There must have been at least four mills along the small Saale: One in the immediate vicinity of the weir at Kösen, which is still preserved or restored today; one in Pforta, also preserved and to be seen at the mill pond; one in front of Almrich, meanwhile destroyed but clearly documented, and one immediately before the confluence of the small Saale with the Saale. It is quite likely that there have been other mills - long-term or temporary - that can no longer be traced today.
The Kleine Saale is therefore not only to be seen as an inflow and outflow of water, but also as an important source of energy for processing grain. In general, it is also unlikely that the small hall supplied drinking water at all. A report by Rector Christian Muff , written in 1899, emerges from the school archive , in which an essay by the senior teacher Flemming (probably referring to Hans Carl Ehrenreich Flemming) is quoted. This senior teacher Flemming mentions in his essay that when the school was founded in the former Cistercian monastery, no pipelines or modernized springs were found, but two different wells, which were probably used to supply drinking water.
literature
- W. Corssen: Alterthuemer and art monuments of the Cistercian monastery St. Marien and the state school to the gate . hansebooks, 1868.
- Selmar Lüttich: About the location and history of eight mills near Naumburg aS and near and in Pforte (with a map) . Ed .: Communications from the Geography Association in Halle / S. tape 19 . Halle (Saale) 2020.
- R. Pahncke: school gate. History of the Cistercian monastery Pforte. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 1956.
- Fichtner: The fish house - an idyll on the banks of the Saale . In: Saale-Unstrut Association for Cultural History and Natural History eV (Hrsg.): Saale-Unstrut Yearbook. tape 2 . Koehler & Amelang, Naumburg 1997.
- Holger Kunde: The Cistercian Pforte monastery: the forgery of documents and the early history up to 1236 . In: Historical Commission for Saxony-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Sources and research on the history of Saxony-Anhalt . tape 4 . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-14601-3 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Pahncke, Robert .: School gate, history of the Cistercian monastery gate. Koehler and Amelang, 1956 ( online [accessed July 7, 2020]).
- ^ Pahncke, Robert .: School gate, history of the Cistercian monastery gate. Koehler and Amelang, 1956 ( online [accessed July 7, 2020]).
- ^ A b Holger Kunde: The Cistercian Pforte monastery: the forgery of documents and the early history up to 1236 . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-14601-3 .
- ↑ Selmar Lüttich: About the location and history of eight mills near Naumburg aS and near and in Pforte (with a map) . Ed .: Communications from the Geography Association in Halle / S. tape 19 , 2020.
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↑ From a document dated April 24, 1270 (Meinher, Probst and Dietrich, dean of the Naumburg Cathedral):
"[...] directe contra domum, que domus piscariae nominatur [...]"
"[...] just opposite the house, which is called the fish house [...]"
- ↑ History of the fish house. In: Website of the restaurant to the fish house. Retrieved on July 10, 2020 ("The board above the counter indicates the construction of the building with the inscription" Erbaut 1138 ".").
- ^ Pahncke, Robert .: School gate, history of the Cistercian monastery gate. Koehler and Amelang, 1956 ( online [accessed July 7, 2020]).
- ↑ Fish house. Retrieved July 7, 2020 .
- ^ Pahncke, Robert .: School gate, history of the Cistercian monastery gate. Koehler and Amelang, 1956 ( online [accessed July 7, 2020]).
- ^ Pahncke, Robert .: School gate, history of the Cistercian monastery gate. Koehler and Amelang, 1956 ( online [accessed July 7, 2020]).
- ↑ CORSSEN, Paul Wilhelm .: Alterthuemer and art monuments of the Cistercian monastery St. Marien and the state school at the gate, etc. 1868 ( online [accessed on July 7, 2020]).
- ^ Bittcher, Carl Friedrich Heinrich: gatekeeper album directory of all teachers and students of the royal family. Prussia. Pforta State School from 1543 to 1843; A memorandum for the institution's third secular celebration on May 21, 1843 . Vogel, 1843 ( online [accessed July 7, 2020]).
- ↑ Hans Carl Ehrenreich Flemming: Article on the drinking water supply of the Pforta State School . Ed .: Carl Flemming. School gate.