Multiple burials
Multiple burials or collective graves can refer to collective burials and the division of corpses. Multiple burials are not an invention of the arable farmers, who are particularly known for their collective burials. Raymond Terrace in found a collective grave with eight dead on Køge Bay, which belongs to a settlement of the hunters and gatherers of the middle Ertebølle culture (around 4600 BC). In the field of archeology , the term multiple burial is understood to mean the prehistoric, presumably simultaneous dumping of at least two individuals within the same object ( tree coffin , earth grave , stone grave , urn, etc.).
Collective grave
Collective grave is a term used primarily for megalithic or para- and pseudomegalithic structures in archeology , which usually describes structures or types of structures (e.g. dolmens ) in which the bones of more than one person are found. The use of megalithic however as little compelling ( turbines of the type Konens Høj , plants from Niedźwiedź type , wall chamber grave , cemetery of Genevray , dead hut ) as the restriction on the Neolithikum (collective grave of dolní věstonice ) in which case (as in the younger Forms boat grave, boat chamber grave, domus de Janas , chariot grave ) is spoken of by collective burials.
On European soil, collective graves can be found primarily in the distribution area of megalithic cultures such as in the Benelux countries, Germany, France, Great Britain and Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Scandinavia, Spain, southern Italy, as well as on Corsica, Malta, Sardinia, Sicily and Switzerland. The systems are designated differently in the various languages, and in some cases also defined differently. A first compilation of the terms from a French point of view can be found in Jean Arnals from 1956.
- Plants are called megalithic, which were built of large stone slabs and blocks (z. B. dolmens, passage grave , gallery grave , giants grave , grave dome).
- Paramegalithic collective graves are known as “La Chaise” in Malesherbes (France), where in 1978 a double and a single grave with an elongated stone packing was found, which are in the tradition of the non-megalithic long hills. In the case of the simultaneous collective burials in long hills in eastern England and in north-central Europe, large stones were largely dispensed with, mostly due to resources. Giot defines the French layouts as: "monument derive, construit avec des" metetisu "de petites dimensions, ou d'un monument partiellement megalithique".
- The term pseudomegalithic was used by Hans-Jürgen Beier in 1991 for dry stone walls, wall chamber tombs, or wooden structures and submegalithic chamber tombs comparable to megalithic tombs.
- According to Beier, submegalithic chambers, like megalithic systems, are also made of slabs and blocks, but are smaller (e.g. Urdolmen ) and have horizontal wall stones.
- The term pseudo- or para-dolmen is used for natural rock formations that have a dolmen-like appearance and were used as collective graves (e.g. the Dolmen di Avola , in Sicily; Schnellert in Luxembourg ).
Collective burial
The collective burial is the one-off or permanent dumping of several dead people in the same object (for example up to 250 individuals in the same megalithic complex ), as is the case in the North German Plain and in Scandinavia, for example. B. from the funnel cup culture (TBK) or the Wartberg culture was operated. The practice of collective burial under abrises and in caves is linked to the “Civate Group” on the southern edge of the Alps.
In ethnology, the term describes the repeated burial of the same individual (for example, with North American Indians).
While double or multiple burials are less common with body graves alone, they are more often part of the findings in cremation burials. The pairwise combination is far more common than triples or other amalgamations such as the laying down of two men, three women and three children of the Neolithic Michelsberg culture in Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim. The connections between woman and child (e.g. also in the tree coffin of the girl by Egtved ) and man and child occur more frequently or more often than the combinations man-woman, man-man, woman-woman or child-child.
Division of corpses
The term multiple burial can also refer to various forms of body burial , in which the corpse is divided into several burial places. See partial burial , separate burial , heart burial .
literature
- P. Caselitz: In: Die Kunde NF 51. 2000 pp. 63–94.
- C. Eibner: Multiple burials from a pit under the Urnfield Wall in Stillfried an der March.
- R. Wyss: A Neolithic stool grave field with collective burials near Lenzburg, Canton Aargau. In: Germania. 45, 1967.
- T. Schneider: Multiple burials of men in the Merovingian period. In: Journal of Archeology of the Middle Ages. 36, 2008 (2009), pp. 1-32.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Raymond Terrace in found a collective grave with eight dead on Køge Bay, which belonged to a settlement of the hunters and gatherers