Dolní Věstonice

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Dolní Věstonice
Dolní Věstonice coat of arms
Dolní Věstonice (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Břeclav
Area : 882 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 53 '  N , 16 ° 39'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 53 '16 "  N , 16 ° 38' 57"  E
Height: 174  m nm
Residents : 316 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 691 29
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Mikulov - Hustopeče
structure
Status: local community
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Jaroslava Rajchlová (as of 2018)
Address: Dolní Věstonice 67
691 29 Dolní Věstonice
Municipality number: 584436
Website : www.obecdolnivestonice.cz

Dolní Věstonice (German Unterwisternitz ) is a municipality with 316 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2019) in the South Moravian Region , Czech Republic . It is located 10 km north of Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ). The place is laid out as a street green village.

geography

Dolní Věstonice is located at the foot of the Pollau Mountains and on the shores of the "South Moravian Sea", which was created in the 1980s by the damming of the Thaya . The neighboring towns are in the north Strachotín ( costume ), in the south Horní Věstonice ( Upper Wisternitz ) and to the east Pavlov ( Pollau ).

history

The Venus of Dolní Věstonice
Dolní Věstonice in 2007
Village square with church

Archaeological excavations (since 1924) uncovered traces of settlement of mammoth hunters from the time of the Upper Paleolithic Gravettia . Several burials are of particular importance , including a triple burial found in 1986 . In the so-called “ Shaman's Hut ”, animal figures made of burnt loess and the remains of two kilns were found (the oldest objects of this type next to Krems-Wachtberg and Krems-Hundssteig). The most famous find is the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, also made of clay . There are remains of a fortified settlement from the early Middle Ages ( Great Moravian Empire ). In the 12th and 13th centuries, German settlers came from the Bavarian-Austrian region, whose ui dialect with their special Bavarian passwords was spoken until these German South Moravians were expelled in 1945.They colonized the country, brought farm implements made of iron and implemented new agricultural cultivation methods such as the productive three-field economy .

The place is mentioned in a document in 1312 and received city rights in 1460. Registries have been kept since 1579. The Hutterites settled in the 16th century and were expelled in 1622. Most of them moved on to Transylvania . The Jesuits , urged by Adam von Dietrichstein , had already fought against the new faith beforehand . During the Thirty Years' War in 1619 there was a skirmish between insurgents and imperialists on the Peterswiese. Here, around 3,000 imperial men are said to have fallen. In the following retreat, the imperial commander Dampierre had the village set on fire. From 1662 were land registers out in the town. During the Napoleonic Wars , Unter Wisternitz was ravaged by French troops who requisitioned large quantities of wine.

The majority of the population of Unter Wisternitz lived from agriculture. Viticulture, which has been cultivated for centuries, played a special role here. After the phylloxera plague of 1864, the area under cultivation decreased continuously, so that around 1945 only 1/3 of the area from 1880 was built on. In addition to the usual small business, Unter Wisternitz owned a stately mill, a brick oven, a brewery and two concrete goods production facilities. The establishment of a volunteer fire brigade took place in 1880. After the introduction of telegraphy in Austria-Hungary, the place was connected to the telegraph network in 1898.

In 1910, the local residents were more than 99% German-speaking. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia , there was an increased influx of people of Czech nationality. The Munich Agreement forced the cession of the Sudeten German territories to the German Reich in 1938 . Until 1945 Unter Wisternitz belonged to the Reichsgau Niederdonau . During the Second World War , the place suffered 44 victims. After the end of the war, the borders established by the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) were restored. After the Red Army withdrew , the houses of the German residents were gradually taken over by non-resident Czechs. Many over the nearby border to Austria. Four civilians were killed in the “wild” displacement of the local population. Only eight Unter Wisternitzer remained in place. About half of the Unter Wisternitzers remain in Austria, the others were transferred to Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. Four people emigrated to other European countries, one to the USA.

Coat of arms and seal

A place seal has been known since 1490. The seal consists of a shield depicting a bridge, above it two grapes and below it two fish. Over the centuries the seal changed, but always contained the same figures. There is also an identical coat of arms .

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1793 630 - -
1836 766 - - -
1869 779 - - -
1880 752 742 0 10
1890 826 812 1 13
1900 842 835 6th 1
1910 771 768 3 0
1921 686 658 10 18th
1930 688 642 36 10
1939 633 - - -
Source: 1793, 1836, 1850 from: South Moravia from A – Z, Frodl, Blaschka
Other: Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984

Architectural monuments

Virgin Mary statue
  • Parish Church of St. Michael, parish mentioned in a document around 1400. 1581 remodeling and expansion. 1724–1743 renewed expansion with baroque redesign by Ignaz Lengelacher and his workshop.
  • Rectory (1850)
  • Virgin Mary statue (1700)
  • Elementary school (Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Jubilee elementary school from 1898)
  • School building (1575, 1812 added)

tourism

  • Finds from the excavations in a local museum
  • scenic surroundings in the Lower Morava Biosphere Reserve
  • Leisure activities such as water sports and fishing

Say from the place

  • The Feuermannderl
  • Why there are so many Felberbam here
  • The witch's kick from Unter-Wisternitz
  • Witch procession
  • The golden hen

swell

  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Unter-Wisternitz, page 97
  • Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. Volume 1: Vienna and Lower Austria. 2nd edition, Vienna 1941, Unter-Wisternitz page 471.
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities, 1992
  • Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: Nikolsburg district from A – Z. 2006, Unter-Wisternitz page 13,
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 210, 232, 409, 421, 422, 553, 573 (Unter-Wisternitz).

literature

  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Unter-Wisternitz page 445
  • Karl Absolon: Research into the diluvial mammoth hunter station in Unter-Wisternitz on the Pollauer Mountains in Moravia. (1938)
  • Karl Jüttner: A burial ground from the time of a castle wall near Unter-Wisternitz . 1941
  • Bohuslav Klíma: Dolní Věstonice (1963)
  • Anton Kreuzer: The battle near Unter-Wisternitz on August 5, 1619
  • Adalbert Oberleitner: Unter-Wisternitz through the ages. 1967
  • Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. 1990, Unter-Wisternitz page 37
  • Felix Ermacora : The Sudeten German questions , legal opinion, publisher: Langen Müller, 1992, ISBN 3-7844-2412-0
  • Emilia Hrabovec: eviction and deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945 - 1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996.
  • Mikulov archive: Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna 1946
  • Rudolf Grulich : Organized Expulsion. Issue 8/2005, newsletter, March 2006

Web links

Commons : Dolní Věstonice  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/584436/Dolni-Vestonice
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ Emanuel Vlček: The Mammoth Hunters from Dolní Věstonice - Anthropological treatment of skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Archeology and Museum Issue 022, Liestal / Switzerland, 1992, ISBN 3-905069-17-2
  4. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia 1989, ISBN 3-927498-092
  5. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  6. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
  7. ↑ General Vicariate Nikolsburg: Church guide for South Moravia , online search via the Brno Provincial Archives. Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives in Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  8. ↑ Längin: Die Hutterer, 1986, p. 237
  9. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 263.
  10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
  11. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, Südmährischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216.
  12. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  13. ↑ Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria, publisher: Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9
  14. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , Unter-Wisternitz 210, 232, 409, 421, 422, 553, 573.
  15. ↑ Liechtenstein Archive Vienna / Vaduz, 1312/1336, 1414, 1490; Codex diplomaticus et episotlaris Moraviae VII / 1; Statní oblastní archiv, Brno D 6/38, D 7/411, G 140/345; Okresní archive Lundenburg;
  16. ^ Johann Zabel: Kirchlicher Handweiser for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Unter-Wisternitz p. 39
  17. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Im Märchenland der Thayana , 2000, self-published, p. 179f
  18. ^ Adalbert Oberleitner, Josef Matzura: Südmährische Sagen , 1921, p. 122fer