Valtice

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Valtice
Valtice coat of arms
Valtice (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Moravia
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Břeclav
Area : 4785 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 45 '  N , 16 ° 45'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 44 '33 "  N , 16 ° 45' 29"  E
Height: 192  m nm
Residents : 3,557 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 691 42
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Mikulov - Břeclav
Railway connection: Břeclav – Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou
structure
Status: city
Districts: 2
administration
Mayor : Pavel Trojan (as of 2018)
Address: nám. Svobody 21
691 42 Valtice
Municipality number: 584975
Website : www.valtice.eu
Parish church in Valtice

Valtice (German Feldsberg ) is a town with 3,718 inhabitants in the Czech Republic . It is located in South Moravia on the Břeclav ( Lundenburg ) - Znojmo ( Znojmo ) railway not far from the border with Lower Austria (with the center 1.5 km away) in the Okres Břeclav ( Lundenburg district ). Until 1919 it belonged to Lower Austria.

Valtice is the princely Liechtenstein Castle Valtice ( Castle Feldberg ), the most beautiful Baroque palaces in one of the Czech Republic and the neighboring Liechtenstein Castle Lednice ( Lednice ) in 1996 as part of Lednice-Valtice in the World Heritage List of UNESCO was taken. The town square and the parish church are also worth seeing.

There is significant viticulture in the area ; the region produces the best wines in the Czech Republic. There is an important wine cellar in the castle vaults. There, newly awarded wines (“Salon” seal) are offered for tasting and purchase every year .

geography

Community structure

The western district of Úvaly ( Garschönthal ), which has belonged to the town of Valtice at 4 km from the center since 1964, is also only 500 m away from the Lower Austrian border at Schrattenberg with its more densely built-up area .

Neighboring communities

The neighboring towns of Feldsberg are Břeclav ( Lundenburg ) in the east, Hlohovec ( Bischofswarth ) in the north, Sedlec ( Voitelsbrunn ) in the west and Schrattenberg in Lower Austria in the south.

history

Valtice Castle

The Ui dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) of the former German-speaking population with special Bavarian passwords indicates the settlement by Bavarian tribes, as they were especially in the 12th / 13th centuries. Century took place.

The first mention of Feldsberg comes from the year 1192 and names a border castle belonging to Herr von Seefeld . The result was a fortified place that was granted market rights in 1286 by Duke Albrecht I of Austria . Around 1383 Feldsberg was by Duke Albrecht III. elevated to the status of a city by Austria . In 1394 the lordship of Feldsberg was acquired by Johann von Liechtenstein, who now called himself Lord von Nikolsburg and Feldsberg . He expanded Feldsberg into his seat from where the Liechtensteiners, princes of the Holy Roman Empire since 1608 , administered their possessions, including what is now the Principality of Liechtenstein , until 1918.

During the Hussite Wars , Feldsberg was plundered and burned down by the Hussites in 1426 . Even in the years 1458 (war of the Habsburgs with King George of Podebrady ) and 1480 (war of the Habsburgs with King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary ), the place was not spared the suffering of war. From 1526 to 1918, Moravia, bordering to the north, had the same Habsburg rulers as Austria under the Enns , so that no border conflicts took place.

During the Reformation , the place became Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century . From 1599 the place was to become Catholic again, for which Charles I of Liechtenstein made use of the help of the Merciful Brothers in 1605 , who established their first convent here (1st hospital founded in the Habsburg Monarchy in 1603 - before Vienna (1614) and Graz (1615). ) north of the Alps.

The parish registers of the place are led since 1615th The online search is carried out via the Brno State Archives. During the Thirty Years' War , Feldsberg was sacked by imperial troops on October 19, 1619 and captured by Swedish troops under Lennart Torstensson in 1645 . In the years 1663, 1683 and 1702 to 1706 Feldsberg was visited by Turks and Hungarians ( Kuruzen ). In 1680 and 1714 the Feldsbergers suffered from the plague. In major fires, 80 houses were destroyed in 1763 and 87 houses in 1801, as well as the town hall.

From 1841 the city's fortifications were removed. In 1850 a district court and a tax office were set up in Feldsberg . During the German War , 1866, the city was occupied by Prussian troops.

In 1872 the city was connected to the Lundenburg - Znojmo line , a branch line of the Emperor Ferdinand's Northern Railway , with which Vienna and Brno were easily accessible.

In 1873 the school of agriculture, fruit and wine was founded in the buildings of the former Franciscan monastery. Next to Klosterneuburg , where it was founded in 1860, this was the second school of its kind in Lower Austria. A large part of the population lived from agriculture, whereby the cultivated viticulture in the Austrian Weinviertel (as later in South Moravia) only played a subordinate role.

In 1901 a sewer system was built in the city. In 1915 a power station was built, which in 1919 was transferred to the West Moravian Electricity Company.

After the First World War and the end of Austria-Hungary in 1918, both Czechoslovakia and the Republic of German Austria claimed the German-populated areas of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian Silesia for themselves. Since the Czechs were recognized by the Triple Entente as opponents of Austria, they were among the victors of the war. Czechoslovak troops therefore occupied South Moravia in November and December 1918.

Feldsberg was not in Moravia, but in Lower Austria , but was claimed by Czechoslovakia for strategic reasons. The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919, accordingly referred to in Austria as the "dictation of Saint-Germain", determined that the city, which in 1910 was about 97% inhabited by German-speaking Lower Austrians, became part of Czechoslovakia.

Feldsberg was awarded to Czechoslovakia primarily for traffic reasons - the Mikulov – Břeclav ( Nikolsburg – Lundenburg ) railway runs through the municipality . The Austrian offer to rebuild this part of the railway line at their own expense in Moravian territory was not taken into account.

Due to settlers and newly filled civil servants, there was an increasing influx of Czechs in the interwar period ; the proportion of the German-speaking population fell between 1910 and 1930 from 97% to 57%. Through the Munich Agreement , a dictation against Czechoslovakia, Feldsberg came to the German Reich on October 1, 1938 and became part of the Lower Danube region .

The Second World War claimed 100 victims among the local residents. The areas that fell to Germany in the Munich Agreement fell back to Czechoslovakia after the end of the war . By excesses at the German local residents there were 13 civilian deaths. A legal processing of the events has not taken place. The “official” forced resettlement of the last 538 German-Moravian citizens to Germany took place in 14 transports from March 15 to October 3, 1946.

Feldsberg Castle was owned by the Princely Family Liechtenstein until 1945 and was then confiscated like their nearby Eisgrub Castle in South Moravia , even though the Liechtenstein citizens were not German, but Liechtenstein (and therefore neutral on the side of Switzerland during World War II).

From 1955 at the latest, when the Red Army withdrew from Lower Austria, the Iron Curtain on the southern border of Valtice secured the Eastern Bloc against attempts to escape to Austria. The border barriers were removed in 1990. On May 1, 2011, the small "Muzeum Železné Opony" was set up in the building of the former Czech border post on the road to Schrattenberg, in which the "Iron Curtain" is remembered. In addition to weapons, uniforms and mock guards, there is also a list of fatalities who were shot by Czech organs (partly on Austrian soil) while attempting to cross the border illegally.

Valtice lies in the area of ​​the European region Centrope , which was founded in 2003 and which includes South Moravia, West Slovakia, West Hungary, Burgenland , Lower Austria and Vienna . In December 2007, after the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Agreement, border controls between Moravia and Lower Austria were ended; since then, like until 1918, the border can be crossed on any dirt road.

Community structure

The city of Valtice consists of the districts Úvaly ( Garschönthal ) and Valtice, which also form cadastral districts. The basic settlement units are Boří dvůr ( Theimhof ), Úvaly and Valtice.

Coat of arms and seal

A seal was already in place when the place was first mentioned in a document in 1286 . It shows a split shield, divided three times at the front and pointed at the back. This seal has remained almost unchanged over the centuries. Only the colors within the seal vary from time to time.

Population development

census Houses Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs other
1793 299
1836 340 2,889
1869 367 2,424
1880 381 2,837 2,804 0.003 030th
1890 428 3,009 2,830 0.133 036
1900 501 3,036 2,987 0.034 035
1910 552 3,402 3,291 0.034 057
1921 566 3,257 2,285 0.625 332
1930 636 3,393 1.924 1.102 367
1939 2,857
Source: 1793, 1836, 1850 from: South Moravia from A – Z, Frodl, Blaschka
Others: Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984

education

Due to the wine-growing region around Valtice, which is important for the Czech Republic, there are also two training centers:

  • a high school for viticulture
  • and a viticulture academy.

economy

In addition to tourism, which is growing steadily due to its location in the World Heritage area, viticulture is an important economic factor . Valtice is the center of viticulture in the whole of the Czech Republic. For example, there is an annual wine market that has a long tradition. (The first wine market in Bohemia, Moravia and Lower Austria took place in Feldsberg in 1850.) The tradition was revived in 1967.

Attractions

Most of the sights of Valtice are based on the fact that the Princes of Liechtenstein partially expanded the area between their Feldsberg and Eisgrub castles into a landscape park and, in this context, also had buildings erected that served exclusively representative or cultural purposes.

  • Feldsberg Castle (Zámek Valtice)
  • Parish Church of the Assumption (Kostel Nanebevzeti Panny Marie, 1631–1671)
  • Plague column (Morový sloup, 1680)
  • Women's hospital in the Convent of the Sisters of Mercy of the Order of St. Vincent de Paul (Spital Milosrdných sester, 1900)
  • Belvedere-Schlössl (Belveder, 1802)
  • Franciscan monastery
  • Town hall (1888) by Josef and Anton Drexler
  • Colonnade for travelers (Kolonáda na Rajstně, 1810/1811 & 1813–1817, sculptures 1823)
  • Temple of Diana (Dianin chrám / Rendez-vous), 1810–1812
  • Hubertus Chapel (Svatého Huberta, 1854)
  • Temple of the Three Graces (Chrám Tří grácií, 1824)
  • Neuhof (Nový dvůr, 1809/1810)
  • War memorial
  • "Muzeum Železné Opony" - Museum of the Iron Curtain at the former border post Valtice / Schrattenberg

sons and daughters of the town

Legends and customs

Many legends circulated among the German local residents, including the legend of Goldbergl.

Rich customs determined the course of the year for those displaced in 1945 and 1946:

  • At Easter, the local boys rode to church and were blessed. Then they received a cross and rode it in all directions to pray for a good harvest.
  • The Kirtag was on August 15th. A week before that, the men were no longer allowed to ask the women to work in the fields. Sunday and Monday was Kirtag and the Sunday after that was Post Kirtag .
  • The water release took place in autumn. The boys looked for red corn on the cob, which authorized them to demand a Busserl (kiss) from the right neighbor . Then there was a snack and finally so-called wazpupperln were made from leaves and hung on the door handles.
  • Shortly before Christmas there was the bagpipes (a stomach filled with minced meat) to eat.

literature

  • Rudolf Wolkan : History book of the Hutterite Brothers , in collaboration with the Hutterite Brothers in America and Canada, Standoff Colony near Macleod ( Alberta ), Vienna 1923.
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , p. 54
  • Becker: Feldsberg in Lower Austria. 1886.
  • Karl Höss: History of the city of Feldsberg. 1902.
  • Josef Matzura: Guide through Nikolsburg, Feldsberg, Eisgrub, Pollauer Berge. 1931.
  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Feldsberg p. 42
  • Hans Anderka: Our home Feldsberg in words and pictures. 1956.
  • Hans Anderka: picture album Feldsberg, Eisgrub and surroundings. 1960.
  • Zemek: Metodìj Valtice. 1970.
  • Anton Kreuzer: The medieval Feldsberg. 1971.
  • Anton Kreuzer: Geltscheins - The story of a lost village near Feldsberg. 1971.
  • Hans Anderka: Feldsberg in pictures. 1960.
  • Josef Haas: Feldsberg. 1985.
  • Dalibor Kusák: Lednice a Valtice. 1986.
  • Erich Kippes: Feldsberg and the House of Liechtenstein in the 17th century, the Counter Reformation in the area of ​​princely rule . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1996, ISBN 3-205-98677-6 .
  • Erich Kippes: Feldsberg and the House of Liechtenstein from 18. – 20. Jh. Manz Crossmedia, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-905168-21-2 .
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 220 (Feldsberg).
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from A to Z. Feldsberg, 2006, p. 72 f.
  • Karl Höss: Famous Feldsbergers. Manuscript in the archive of the South Moravian Landscape Council in Geislingen an der Steige .
  • Anton Kreuzer: History of the Feldsberg Jewish Community.
  • Přemysl Krejčiřík, Ondřej Zatloukal, Eva Břicháčková; Pavel Zatloukal (Ed.): The Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (original title: České Dédictví Unesco , translated by Jürgen Ostmeyer). Foibos Books, Praha 2012, ISBN 978-80-87073-47-6 .

Web links

Commons : Valtice cultural landscape  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

supporting documents

  1. ↑ area
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine - encyclopedia of viticulture in South Moravia. Self-published, supported by the cultural department of the Lower Austrian provincial government
  4. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  5. ^ Anton Kreuzer: The medieval Feldsberg.
  6. ↑ The hospital in the heart of the city of Graz ... the Barmherzigen Brüder Graz and their 400-year history , website of the KH Graz, 2015, accessed on January 5, 2016.
  7. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: History of the Order in Feldsberg on the website of the Brothers of Mercy Austria. )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.barmherzige-brueder.at
  8. ↑ Acta Publica , online research requiring registration in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt), accessed on March 20, 2011.
  9. ^ Helmuth Moltke: Moltke's military works. Volume 1, part 2. p. 335.
  10. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919–1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  11. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918–1938. Munich 1967
  12. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 220 (Feldsberg).
  13. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from A – Z, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216
  14. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 597 (Feldsberg).
  15. ↑ Mikulov Archives: Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna , 1946
  16. ↑ Ludislava Šuláková, translated by Wilhelm Jun: The problem of the deportation of Germans in the files of the Municipal People's Committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Nikolsburg: Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001 , ISSN  0562-5262 , p. 45 f.
  17. ↑ districts
  18. ^ Cadastral districts
  19. ↑ Basic settlement units
    all 3 from: Územně identifikační registr ČR (German: Territorial Identification Register of the Czech Republic)
  20. ^ Siegenfeld: The city arms of Feldsberg. 1909, p. 329.
  21. ↑ Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Feldsberg, Josef Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , p. 54 f.
  22. ↑ Welcome to Valtice , accessed on March 28, 2010.
  23. ↑ Wine market with tradition on Radio Prague from May 14, 2007, accessed on November 14, 2010.
  24. ^ Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart: Handbook of German Art Monuments in the Ostmark , Anton Schroll & Co, Vienna 1941, p. 198
  25. ↑ Oberleitner, Matzura: Südmährische Sagen , 1921, p. 112 f.
  26. ^ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: Der Kreis Nikolsburg from A to Z , 2006, p. 77
  27. ↑ Südmährer Bund eV