Drnholec

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Drnholec
Coat of arms of Drnholec
Drnholec (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Břeclav
Area : 3519 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 52 '  N , 16 ° 29'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 51 '56 "  N , 16 ° 28' 43"  E
Height: 183  m nm
Residents : 1,808 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 691 83
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Mikulov - Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou
structure
Status: stains
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Jan Ivičič (as of 2018)
Address: Kostelní 368
691 83 Drnholec
Municipality number: 584444
Website : obecdrnholec.cz

Drnholec (German Dürnholz ) is a minority in South Moravia, Czech Republic . It is located near the border with Austria about 13 kilometers northwest of Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ) on the left bank of the river Thaya , near the hill country Pavlovské vrchy (Pollauer Berge), 173 to 183 meters above sea level. The place was originally laid out as a cluster village.

geography

The neighboring towns are in the north-west Litobratřice ( Leipertitz ), in the south-west Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou ( Grusbach ), in the south Jevišovka ( Fröllersdorf ) and in the east Novosedly na Moravě ( Neusiedl am Sand ).

history

Toll bridge at Dürnholz Castle

A document from the year 1052, in which Dürnholz is mentioned, is believed by critical researchers to be a forgery. In a legend around 1180 Wilhelm Graf von Pollau is given as the owner. The Ui dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) with its special Bavarian passwords indicates a settlement by Bavarian German tribes, especially in the 12th / 13th centuries. Century took place. The city is documented secured around the year 1240 in the possession of Wilhelm and Herrmann von Dürnholz . The noble family from Dürnholz has owned the place for several generations. At the beginning of the 14th century, the noble family of Wartenberg is given as feudal lords.

The Liechtenstein period (late 14th to 16th centuries)

After a few intermediate owners, the entire Dürnholz estate was sold to Johann von Liechtenstein in 1394 . The Liechtensteiners owned Dürnholz for several generations. After the death of Johann von Liechtenstein, his brother Hartneid von Liechtenstein received the rule of Dürnholz in 1398. In 1452 the Liechtenstein house members Johann V, Heinrich VII, Georg VI., Christoph III. and Georg V. u. a. the rule Dürnholz transferred to co-ownership or "usufruct". During the war of Matthias Corvinus and Georg von Podiebrad , the place was burned down in 1468. In 1504 both George VI. von Liechtenstein as well as Erasmus von Liechtenstein, the two sons of Heinrich VII. von Liechtenstein, the rule Dürnholz. Erasmus died in 1524 and George VI. von Liechtenstein in 1548. After the death of the latter and subsequent divisions of the estate, the Nikolsburg and Dürnholz estates were finally divided in 1551 and assigned to Christoph IV von Liechtenstein.

Christoph IV of Liechtenstein was still a minor in 1551, which is why Georg Hartmann I of Liechtenstein was the guardian of Dürnholz until 1555. When Christoph IV of Liechtenstein came of age, he came to power and in 1558 sold the Dürnholz estate to Bernhard von Zierotin. The sale was later reversed. The Hungarian nobleman Ladislaus von Keretschin bought the castle and the manor of Nikolsburg in 1560. Christoph IV of Liechtenstein probably sold Dürnholz to his cousin Georg Hartmann I of Liechtenstein between 1561 and 1562 due to financial difficulties. The latter died in 1562 and bequeathed the rule to his youngest son Georg Hartmann II of Liechtenstein. In 1572 Georg Hartmann II of Liechtenstein sold the Dürnholz property to Christoph von Teuffenbach; in 1577, however, he bought it back from Christoph von Teuffenbach, and one year later, in 1578, he finally ceded the Dürnholz rule to the Teuffenbacher.

The time of the Teuffenbach, Sternberg and Trautmannsdorf (16th to 19th centuries)

After the death of Christoph von Teuffenbach (1598), his three sons, Rudolf von Teuffenbach , Siegmund von Teuffenbach and Friedrich von Teuffenbach, owned the rule of Dürnholz undivided until around 1610. After that, Siegmund von Teuffenbach appeared as the sole owner. Under Siegmund von Teuffenbach, the local population converted to Protestantism. Only during the Thirty Years War and the onset of the Counter Reformation did the place become Catholic again. Since 1651 the land registers and since 1652 registers have been kept in the village, as an online search in the registers via the Brno State Archives shows. When Siegmund von Teuffenbach died in 1637, he left the rule of Dürnholz to his brother Rudolf von Teuffenbach, who in turn died in 1653. This basically ended the Teuffenbach era in Dürnholz.

In 1676, after a long process of litigation, Count Wenzel von Sternberg came into the possession of Dürnholz, among other things because Rudolf von Teuffenbach's wife Maria Eva was a born von Sternberg . In 1701, Emperor Leopold I granted Dürnholz three annual markets. Count Wenzel von Sternberg died in 1709 without an heir, so that Franz Wenzel Count von Trautmannsdorf could come into the possession of Dürnholz. During the First Silesian War , Prussian hussars were billeted in the village. In 1753 Franz Wenzel Graf von Trautmannsdorf died and the rule passed to his brother, who in turn died in 1762. Since both were childless, Dürnholz became an imperial and royal Theresian fund until 1848 . The Meierhof was dissolved in 1758 and its land was distributed to new settlers. In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, French troops occupied the place and extorted 91,200 guilders from the population. Due to the frequent fires in the 19th century, a volunteer fire brigade was founded in 1875 . A large part of the population lived from cattle breeding and agriculture, with viticulture, which has been cultivated for centuries, played a special role. In addition to a flourishing small business, there were three doctors in Dürnholz, an agricultural machinery factory, a sawmill, two brickworks, a gardening shop, a slaughterhouse, a washer and a cinema. Due to the location of the place on the shallow river Thaya and the low dams, flooding often occurred after heavy rains until the middle of the 20th century.

Between 1918 and 1946

After the First World War , the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary disintegrated . Like all of Moravia, Dürnholz became part of Czechoslovakia , which was founded in December 1918, and was occupied by Czech troops. Citizens of Dürnholz pleaded unsuccessfully in a signature campaign for the connection to German Austria . There was an influx of people of Czech ethnicity through the filling of civil servants and settlers, the percentage of which rose from 0% to 9% between the two censuses in 1910 and 1930. Due to the closure of German schools, over 100 German children from the neighboring villages of Fröllersdorf , Guttenfeld and Neuprerau in Dürnholz started school. In 1923 Anton Sogl was elected mayor of Dürnholz. During his tenure, the church was renovated, a kindergarten was built, the place was electrified (1925), a sewer system was laid, the streets improved and the war memorial chapel built. Furthermore, a dairy was opened in 1926 and a year later a Czech minority school was opened. At the same time, tensions between the ethnic groups in the country increased. In the course of the Munich Agreement , the Czechoslovak government, which was not involved in the negotiations, had to cede to the German Reich all of the predominantly German-inhabited peripheral areas of Czechoslovakia . Dürnholz was subsequently incorporated into the Reichsgau Niederdonau .

Towards the end of the Second World War on May 1, 1945, Dürnholz was bombed and finally captured by Soviet troops on May 7, 1945. The community was reintegrated into the restored Czechoslovakia on May 8, 1945. In August 1945 the victorious powers determined the post-war order in the Potsdam Agreement. An “orderly and humane transfer” of the “parts of the German population” who “remained in Czechoslovakia” was ordered. For fear of acts of revenge and the onset of tribulations, 56% of the local population either fled or were randomly driven across the nearby border to Austria . Several Dürnholzer were arrested and taken to Bohemia for forced labor. There were 46 civilian deaths in the eviction. The Beneš decree 115/1946 declared acts committed up to October 28, 1945 "in the struggle to regain freedom (...), or which aimed at just retribution for acts of the occupiers or their accomplices (...) "not illegal. Between March 17, 1946 and September 19, 1946, all but 139 people were forced to move to West Germany. Based on the Beneš decree 108, all movable and immovable property of the German residents was confiscated on October 25, 1945 and placed under state administration. Czechoslovakia did not provide any compensation for the confiscated assets. In accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Agreement, all Sudeten Germans were transferred from Austria to Germany. Nevertheless, 265 people were able to stay, while 2409 people were resident in West Germany. Two people each emigrated to France and England. Seven people also migrated to the USA and four to Canada. Families from Czechoslovakia, especially from surrounding areas, were settled in Drnoholec. After the communist revolution in February 1948, agriculture was gradually collectivized. In 2006 the place was raised to Městys .

Coat of arms and seal

A market seal is mentioned as early as 1523, but it has not yet been obtained. But it should have looked exactly like later seals. It showed a slaughtered Moravian eagle in the upper half , while the lower half is divided into three columns. The seals also always had a legend.

Although Dürnholz had a coat of arms , to this day neither a coat of arms letter nor date of delivery is known. The coat of arms resembled the seal. It showed a divided shield: at the top, growing in blue, an eagle butchered by silver and red and at the bottom split three times by silver and black .

mayor

  • 1575: Jörg Ladnbauer
  • 1579: Wentzl Artmann
  • 1690: Johannes Feldtgibl
  • 1724: Matthias Schwanzer
  • 1742: Philipp Lodner
  • 1750: Michl Beutler
  • 1818: Johann Krebs
  • 1848: Jakob Handl
  • 1866 (at least until 1869): Johann Matzka
  • 1880: Anton Lohner
  • 1901–1923: Johann Gerischer
  • 1924–1938: Anton Sogl
  • 1938–1945: Josef Krebs
  • 1945–1945: Karel Novak (Julius Krupica, Oldrich Bednarik, Alois Hromek, Frantisek Ligas)
  • 1945–1947: Frantisek Cibulka
  • 1947–1949: Josef Kralik
  • 1949-1959: Stanislav Seda
  • 1959–1964: Stanislav Brychta
  • 1964–1968: Josef Hajek
  • 1968-1971: Milos Svoboda
  • 1971–1976: Viktor Sedivy senior
  • 1976–1981: Viktor Sedivy junior
  • 1981-1990: Karel Sebesta
  • 1990-1994: Stanislav Kulhavy
  • 1994–2009: Josef Capek
  • 2009– (until now 2018): Jan Ivičič

Conflagrations

  • 1700: Within two hours the whole place burned down with the exception of the church and castle.
  • 1718: 33 houses burned.
  • 1719: 34 houses cremated.
  • 1723: 101 houses burned.
  • 1815: The entire left side of the market, the Stutenhofer barn and the whole of Thayagasse up to the mill set in flames (estimated municipal damage 314,000 guilders, estimated property damage 119,000 guilders).
  • 1824: 60 houses burned (again the left side of the market, the small houses behind the Stutenhof and the Thayagasse, also the school and the fish houses on the other side of the Thaya, damage 54,000 guilders).
  • 1831: 17 houses burned down near the mills.
  • 1840: 7 houses and farmhouses burned.
  • 1842: 11 press houses burned.
  • 1843: 8 farm houses burned.
  • 1846: 82 houses cremated (damage 25,578 guilders).
  • 1852: 35 farm buildings, 44 farm buildings, 33 barns and 68 small houses on the market square and in the village burned.
  • 1853: The left side of the market and the Thayagasse were affected by a fire (details are missing).

Population development

Year / date Total population German Czechs Other annotation
1650 approx. 740 - - - (based on an estimate by J. Frodl)
1691 about 800 - - - (All in all, according to J. Frodl's estimate; 748 residents are secured by a list for the year - without pastors, schoolmasters and civil servants, employees, rulers, etc.)
1750 approx. 1,250 - - - (based on an estimate by J. Frodl)
1793 1,823 - - - Around 1783, Josef II ordered the abolition of serfdom and the dismantling of the Meierhof. Both orders led to an influx of settlers, mainly from Northern Moravia, and thus to a sharp increase in the population in Dürnholz.
1836 2,407 - - -
1850 2,635 - - -
1857 2,975 - - -
1869 3,071 - - - (according to J. Frodl according to a census 3,071 inhabitants and 469 houses; according to senior teacher W. Blaschka 2,808 inhabitants and 481 houses (cf. J. Frodl, pages 162 and 182))
1880 3,024 2,998 26th 0
1890 3,045 3,021 18th 6th
1900 2,966 2,956 2 8th (according to J. Frodl 3280 inhabitants and 614 houses; according to senior teacher W. Blaschka 2,966 inhabitants and 615 houses (see J. Frodl pages 164 and 182))
1910 2,889 2,889 0 0
1921 2,821 2,624 105 92
1930 2,896 2,573 232 91
1939 2,781 - - -
1950 1,484 - - -
1991 1,776 - - -
2007 1,691 - - -
Population development of Drnholec

Viticulture

The climatic conditions, the nature of the soil and a lot of exposure to the sun favor viticulture . Dürnholz wines are known as wholesome and palatable drops and enjoy a certain reputation in the world.

Sons and Daughters of the City (chronological)

Attractions

  • Plague / Marian column , built between 1715 and 1718
  • Dürnholz Castle, with components from the 16th century, rebuilt in the 18th century
  • Baroque church, built between 1750 and 1757 in its current form (the first church in Dürnholz was built in the 12th century, today it is in ruins or converted into a rectory.)
  • Town hall (1591), was converted into an inn in 1790
  • Chapel at the Krebschen brick kiln
  • Chapel of the Scourged Savior

Market system

The annual markets were held on the Monday after Epiphany (December 6th), on the third Sunday after Easter, after Bartholomew (August 24th), on the Monday after the third Fast Sunday and on the Monday after Brigitta (October 5th). The exemption from wine allowed eight days before and after the market to serve wine on the market square. Furthermore, from 1859 a cattle market was held on Tuesday after a fair and from 1716 every Wednesday a weekly market.

literature

  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Dürnholz page 103.
  • Josef Frodl: History of the market town of Dürnholz and the former territory. Dürnholz 1927.
  • Wilhelm Szegeda: District studies of the Nikolsburg school district, including the cities of Břeclav and Hodinin, 1935, Dürnholz, pages 75–78.
  • Johann Zabel: Church handler for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Dürnholz p. 14
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia, 1990, Dürnholz page 4.
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities, 1992, Dürnholz, pages 47-48.
  • Hans Lederer: Dürnholz rule, Maria Theresian land register 1755, 1993.
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 218, 247-249, 276, 409, 423, 431, 514, 519, 524, 573 (Dürnholz).
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Jiří Janeček: Z historie škol na Drnholecku. 2004
  • Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from A – Z, 2006, Dürnholz pp. 53–66.
  • Detlef Brandes : The way to expulsion 1938-1945. Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-56731-4

Web links

Commons : Drnholec  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. http://www.uir.cz/obec/584444/Drnholec
  2. Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  4. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
  5. Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  6. O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
  7. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty. Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  8. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 247 .
  9. Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, Südmährischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216.
  10. Mikulov Archives: Odsun Nĕmců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna, 1946.
  11. Ludislava Šuláková, translated by Wilhelm Jun: The problem of the deportation of Germans in the files of the Municipal People's Committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Nikolsburg: Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001 p. 45f, ISSN  0562-5262
  12. Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern : International Confiscation and Expropriation Law. Series: Contributions to foreign and international private law. Volume 23. Berlin and Tübingen, 1952.
  13. Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  14. Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria, publisher: Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9
  15. Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart: Handbook of German Art Monuments in the Ostmark, 1941, Anton Schroll & Co, Dürnholz p. 174