Milovice u Mikulova

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Milovice
Milovice coat of arms
Milovice u Mikulova (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Břeclav
Area : 651 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 51 '  N , 16 ° 42'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 51 '7 "  N , 16 ° 41' 55"  E
Height: 180  m nm
Residents : 453 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 691 88
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Mikulov - Velké Pavlovice
structure
Status: local community
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Věra Antošová (as of 2018)
Address: Milovice 38
691 88 Milovice u Mikulova
Municipality number: 584657
Website : www.obec-milovice.cz

Milovice ( German Millowitz ) is a municipality in Jihomoravský kraj ( South Moravia ), Okres Břeclav ( Lundenburg district ) in the Czech Republic .

geography

The village is in the Milovická pahorkatina . The neighboring towns are in the east Nové Mlýny ( Neumühl ), in the southeast Bulhary ( Pulgram ), in the southwest Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ), in the west Klentnice ( Klentnitz ) and in the northwest Pavlov ( Pollau ).

history

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them with privileges such as ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). Until 1150 the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from what is now Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

The place is owned by the Přemyslid rulers in 1236 . In 1332 the village belongs to the lordship of Eisgrub among the Liechtenstein towns . In 1414 a parish church is documented in the Urbar . At the beginning of the 16th century, during the Reformation , there was an Anabaptist community in the village, which was looted in 1604. After the Battle of White Mountain and the subsequent Counter Reformation , the place becomes Catholic again.

The name of the place changed several times, it is called in a document "Milowicz" (1300), later "Myltowicz an der Meydburch" (1301), "Milibicz" (1399) and "Milwicz" (1504). Registries have been kept since 1688. Online search via the Brno State Archives. Land registers have been kept since 1784.

From 1764 the children of the village were taught in the community inn, from 1784 half-day classes began. In 1817 a new school building was built.

Millowitz was an agricultural village, the inhabitants of which were mainly active in agriculture and viticulture. From the 19th century onwards, however, the area under cultivation decreased continuously, so that in 1945 production was almost exclusively for personal use.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the disputed territories against the will of the people of Czechoslovakia. Thus fell the south Moravian town Millowitz whose residents in 1910 to 99.86% Deutschsüdmährer , were at the new state. The promised equal status of the minorities was ultimately not granted by the majority people. Measures such as the land reform or the language ordinance followed in order to settle Czechs in the German communities. This exacerbated tensions. When the autonomy demanded by the German speakers was not negotiated and armed conflicts threatened, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas, which was regulated in the Munich Agreement , to Germany. Thus Millowitz became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau on October 1st, 1938 . - The community inn was rebuilt in 1923 and also received a hall, a community chancellery, an ice cellar and a takeover point for the dairy cooperative. In front of the community inn was a dance floor with drinking water pipe, which was built in 1920.

During the Second World War , the place suffered 48 victims. After the end of the Second World War (May 8, 1945), the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement (1939), including Millowitz, were reassigned to Czechoslovakia based on the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) . Two civilian lives were killed during the occupation by the Soviet Army. On June 1, 1945, some of the German-Moravian residents were incorporated into the expulsion column of the Brno Germans ( Brno Death March ) by the Czech Revolutionary Guards and "wildly" expelled in the direction of Drasenhofen (border crossing to Austria) . On June 4, 1945, another part of the local population was driven to Austria via Pulgram and Voitelsbrunn . This resulted in eight deaths among the German South Moravians. A legal processing of the events did not take place. The Beneš decree 115/46 declares such actions until October 28, 1945 in the struggle to regain freedom ... or which aimed at just retaliation for the acts of the occupiers or their accomplices ... as not unlawful. The end of the ethnic cleansing was the official forced evacuation of the remaining 41 German local residents between April 20 and September 17, 1946. All private and public property of the German local residents was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 and the Catholic Church in the communist era expropriated . The Czech Republic has not made amends . Millowitz was repopulated.

Coat of arms and seal

A reference to the seal of the place is in the Moravian Museum in Brno . There a seal figure shows a plow iron and a vine knife standing side by side. It is dated to the late 17th century. More recent Czech publications, however, speak of a seal picture in which a plow knife placed on a pile is surrounded by four times two initials “M”, half of which are upside down.

census Houses Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1793 70 373
1836 84 440
1869 87 457
1880 93 523 523 0
1890 98 575 566 5 4th
1900 112 638 628 9 1
1910 126 690 689 1 0
1921 127 687 673 4th 10
1930 151 597 583 2 12
1939 567

Personalities

Attractions

  • Parish church hl. Oswald, destroyed in 1670, rebuilt in 1672, defense tower in 1693, expanded in 1742, renovated in 1819 and 1845.
  • Rectory 1771, St. Johann von Nepomuk, St. Florian, St. Wendelin, cemetery cross 1758, war memorial 1926.

Say from the place

There were a multitude of myths among German local residents:

  • Millowitz during the Mongol period (founding legend)

swell

  • Anton Kreuzer: History of South Moravia , Volume I (Contents: From the early days - 1918)
  • Anton Schwetter, Siegfried Kern: The political district of Nikolsburg in historical, statistical and topographical relation 1884
  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Milowitz p. 96
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 210, 223, 406, 411-412, 414-417, 423, 427, 428, 573 (Millowitz).
  • Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: Nikolsburg district from A – Z, 2006, Millowitz p. 124
  • Hans-Jürgen Goertz: The Anabaptists - History and Interpretation, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-406-07909-1
  • Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of South Moravian Dialects 1981–1998 (1999)
  • Hans Landsgesell: South Moravian stories in the ui dialect
  • Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine encyclopedia of viticulture in South Moravia , self-published, supported by the cultural department of the Lower Austrian provincial government.

literature

  • Gregor Wolny : The Anabaptists in Moravia, Vienna 1850
  • Rudolf Wolkan : History book of the Hutterite brothers . Vienna 1923
  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, Verlag Lehrerverein Pohrlitz, Millowitz p. 96
  • Josef Freising: Local history Millowitz. 1936
  • Josef Beck: The history books of the Anabaptists in Austria-Hungary, 1967
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , p. 135
  • Hans Zuckriegl: In the Thayana Fairy Tale Land, 2000
  • Elfriede Paweletz-Klien: The South Moravian ITZ Villages and the Beginnings of Settlement History in South Moravia, 2007

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/584657/Milovice
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
  4. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3-406-45954-4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
  5. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  6. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
  7. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  8. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  9. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 262
  10. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919–1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  11. ↑ Elizabeth Wiskemann : Czechs and Germans ; London, 1938; P. 152
  12. ^ A b c d Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
  13. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, Südmährischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216
  14. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46, diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  15. ↑ Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. května, 1946th
  16. ↑ Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , Millowitz page 135
  17. ^ Johann Zabel: Kirchlicher Handweiser for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Millowitz p.
  18. ↑ Oberleitner / Matzura: South Moravian Legends, p. 99f